HNE is a lipid peroxidation product formed during oxidative stress and is considered both a signaling molecule and a cytotoxic agent depending on its cellular concentration and context.
– HNE is generated as a byproduct of the peroxidation of ω-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids.
– It serves as a marker of oxidative stress and can modify proteins, lipids, and DNA through covalent adduct formation.
• Dual Biological Effects
– At low to moderate concentrations, HNE can act as a signaling molecule, modulating pathways involved in cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis.
– At higher concentrations, HNE is cytotoxic, causing cellular damage and contributing to cell death through protein dysfunction and DNA damage.
– This concentration-dependent activity means that HNE can have both pro-tumorigenic and anti-tumorigenic effects.
– Elevated levels of HNE in tissues or biological fluids are frequently used as indicators of oxidative stress within the tumor microenvironment.
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