4‑Hydroxynonenal (4‑HNE) is a key bioactive aldehyde generated during lipid peroxidation, and it can form adducts with proteins, DNA, and other biomolecules.
4‑HNE can act as a “double‐edged sword”. At moderate concentrations, it might activate signaling pathways that promote cell proliferation and survival, potentially contributing to tumor growth. At higher concentrations, the same molecule may induce cytotoxicity and apoptosis.
-A biomarker of ferroptosis(high levels)
-Elevated levels of 4‑HNE adducts are sometimes associated with chemoresistance and poor clinical outcomes, highlighting its potential role in prognostication.
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