PKM2/PKM1 ratio
-PKM (pyruvate kinase M) exists mainly as two splice isoforms: PKM1 and PKM2.
-PKM1 is constitutively active and typically found in tissues with high-energy demands (e.g., muscle, brain).
-PKM2 is less active under some conditions and is highly regulated; importantly, it is often upregulated in cancers.
- A higher PKM2/PKM1 ratio is thought to promote the “Warburg effect” (aerobic glycolysis) that benefits rapidly proliferating tumor cells by providing biosynthetic precursors even though it is less energy efficient.
-An increased PKM2/PKM1 ratio has been associated with enhanced tumor cell proliferation, survival, and metastasis.
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