Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is not an endogenous protein or gene product produced by human cells, but rather a major component of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria.
• LPS is a potent activator of the innate immune system through receptors such as Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4).
• Its interaction with TLR4 on immune cells (e.g., macrophages, dendritic cells) and sometimes on tumor cells can trigger signaling cascades (e.g., NF-κB pathway) that result in the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines.
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