IL-12, an antitumor cytokine is considered to be a promising cytokine for enhancing an antitumor immune response.
Interleukin-12 (IL-12) is a cytokine that plays a crucial role in the immune response, particularly in the activation of T cells and natural killer (NK) cells. It is produced by various immune cells, including macrophages and dendritic cells, and is known for its ability to promote the differentiation of T cells into a type that can effectively combat cancer cells.
IL-12 is often expressed in various cancers, including melanoma, renal cell carcinoma, breast cancer, and colorectal cancer. Its expression can vary depending on the tumor type and the immune context.
Tumor-infiltrating immune cells, particularly activated macrophages and dendritic cells, are significant sources of IL-12 in the tumor microenvironment.
IL-12 is primarily known for its role in promoting anti-tumor immunity. It enhances the differentiation of naive T cells into T helper 1 (Th1) cells, which produce pro-inflammatory cytokines and support cytotoxic T cell responses.
IL-12 also stimulates the activity of NK cells, enhancing their ability to kill tumor cells and produce additional cytokines, such as interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), which further promotes anti-tumor immunity.
Low levels of IL-12 in the tumor microenvironment are often associated with poor anti-tumor immune responses and can correlate with worse clinical outcomes. In such cases, strategies to enhance IL-12 production or signaling may be beneficial for improving anti-tumor immunity.
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