Macrophages are a type of white blood cell that play a crucial role in the immune system, including the response to cancer. They are derived from monocytes and can be found in various tissues throughout the body. In the context of cancer, macrophages can have both pro-tumor and anti-tumor effects, depending on their activation state and the tumor microenvironment.
In many tumors, macrophages are recruited to the tumor microenvironment and are referred to as tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs).
Protumorigenic: Macrophages, particularly when polarized to the M2 phenotype, are generally considered protumorigenic. They can secrete cytokines, growth factors, and enzymes that promote tumor cell proliferation, angiogenesis, and tissue remodeling. Additionally, they can suppress the activity of cytotoxic T cells and natural killer (NK) cells, aiding tumor immune evasion.
Antitumorigenic: Conversely, M1 macrophages (the pro-inflammatory subtype) can have antitumor effects by promoting inflammation and enhancing the immune response against tumors. They can produce pro-inflammatory cytokines and reactive oxygen species that can directly kill tumor cells.
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