PD-L1 is a protein that plays a crucial role in the regulation of the immune system.
PD-L1 helps to prevent the immune system from attacking healthy cells by binding to its receptor, PD-1, on immune cells. However, some cancer cells can exploit this mechanism by expressing high levels of PD-L1, which can help them evade immune detection.
PD-L1 has become a key target for cancer immunotherapy, particularly in the development of checkpoint inhibitors.
PD-1: Upregulated on tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), reflecting chronic antigen exposure and an “exhausted” T cell phenotype.
PD-L1 and PD-L2: Frequently overexpressed by many tumor types (e.g., non–small cell lung cancer, melanoma, renal cell carcinoma, head and neck cancers.
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