Total oxidant status (TOS) refers to the overall level of oxidants in the body, which can be an important factor in cancer biology. Oxidative stress, resulting from an imbalance between oxidants and antioxidants, is implicated in cancer development, progression, and metastasis. Elevated TOS can lead to DNA damage, promote inflammation, and affect cell signaling pathways, all of which can contribute to tumorigenesis.
Elevated TOS levels have been associated with poor prognosis in various cancers.
Oxidative Stress Markers:
Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS): Includes superoxide anions, hydrogen peroxide, and hydroxyl radicals.
Malondialdehyde (MDA): A byproduct of lipid peroxidation, often used as a marker for oxidative stress.
8-Hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG): A marker of oxidative DNA damage.
Protein Carbonyls: Indicators of protein oxidation.
2. Antioxidant Defense Mechanisms:
Superoxide Dismutase (SOD): Enzyme that catalyzes the dismutation of superoxide into oxygen and hydrogen peroxide.
Catalase: Enzyme that converts hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen.
Glutathione Peroxidase (GPx): Reduces hydrogen peroxide and lipid peroxides.
Glutathione (GSH): A major antioxidant that protects cells from oxidative stress.
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