Type 2 helper cell (Th2) pathway is a subset of the immune response that plays a crucial role in the regulation of inflammation, allergies, and parasitic infections.
Key cytokines involved in the Th2 pathway: IL-4, IL-13, IL-5, IL-9.
Elevated levels of certain Th2 cytokines (e.g., IL-10) can suppress cytotoxic T cell responses, thereby impairing effective antitumor immunity.
In several cancers (such as ovarian, gastric, and certain breast cancers), high levels of Th2 cytokines or an increased Th2 cell infiltration have been observed.
- The relative balance between Th1 and Th2 responses is critical, with a Th2-skewed response often suggesting a shift away from effective cytotoxic antitumor immunity.
A predominant Th2 environment is frequently linked to worse prognostic features, including enhanced tumor progression, increased metastasis, and reduced overall survival in some cancer types.
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