Proapoptotic cascade markers are proteins or molecules that indicate the activation of the apoptotic pathway, which is a series of cellular events leading to programmed cell death. Some common proapoptotic cascade markers include:
• Caspase-3:
• Caspase-8:
• Caspase-9:
• Cytochrome c: is released into the cytosol during apoptosis, triggering the activation of caspase-9
• Bax: a proapoptotic Bcl-2 family protein that promotes mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization.
• Bak: a proapoptotic Bcl-2 family protein that promotes mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization.
• Bid: a proapoptotic Bcl-2 family protein that is cleaved by caspase-8, leading to the activation of the intrinsic apoptotic pathway.
• PARP-1: a DNA repair enzyme that is cleaved by caspase-3, leading to the inhibition of DNA repair and the promotion of apoptosis.
• Annexin V: a protein that binds to phosphatidylserine, a phospholipid that is exposed on the surface of apoptotic cells.
• p53: a tumor suppressor protein that can induce apoptosis in response to DNA damage or other forms of cellular stress.
A functional proapoptotic cascade acts as a natural barrier to tumorigenesis by ensuring that cells with damaging mutations or stressful conditions are eliminated. In many cancers, defects—in terms of gene mutations, expression changes, or regulatory blockades—within this cascade correlate with more aggressive disease, poorer prognosis, and resistance to therapy.
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