IDO1 (Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1) is an enzyme involved in the catabolism of the essential amino acid tryptophan through the kynurenine pathway. Its activity can modulate the tumor immune microenvironment, and its expression has been associated with immune tolerance in various cancers.
– IDO1 is frequently overexpressed in a wide range of cancers, including melanoma, lung, breast, colorectal, and ovarian cancers.
– Elevated IDO1 expression in tumors is often found both in tumor cells and in immune cells within the tumor microenvironment.
– Inhibitors of IDO1 aim to restore tryptophan levels in the tumor microenvironment and reinvigorate T-cell mediated anti-tumor responses.
IDO1 is an immunomodulatory enzyme that catabolizes tryptophan into kynurenine and related metabolites, thereby influencing the local immune environment.
Its expression is found in various cell types, including tumor cells, antigen-presenting cells, and stromal cells.
• IDO1 activity results in local tryptophan depletion and accumulation of immunosuppressive metabolites, which can impair T-cell function and promote regulatory T-cell (Treg) generation.
• IDO1 is largely viewed as a facilitator of tumor immune escape through its immunosuppressive actions, including the depletion of tryptophan and accumulation of kynurenine.
• Increased expression of IDO1 has been consistently linked to poorer outcomes across various cancer types.
• Although not oncogenic in itself, IDO1 enables a protumoral microenvironment by dampening anti-tumor immune responses.
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