Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is a condition that arises when the ER, a cellular organelle responsible for protein folding, lipid synthesis, and calcium storage, becomes overwhelmed by misfolded or unfolded proteins. This stress can trigger a cellular response known as the unfolded protein response (UPR), which aims to restore normal function by enhancing the protein-folding capacity of the ER, degrading misfolded proteins, and, if necessary, initiating apoptosis (programmed cell death).
Cancer cells often experience high levels of ER stress due to rapid proliferation, hypoxia, and nutrient deprivation.
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