The Warburg effect is a metabolic phenomenon in which cancer cells preferentially use glycolysis for energy production, even in the presence of oxygen. Targeting the pathways involved in the Warburg effect is a promising strategy for cancer treatment.
Warburg effect (GLUT1, LDHA, HK2, and PKM2)
Here are some of the key pathways and potential targets:
Note: use database Filter to find inhibitors: Ex pick target HIF1α, and effect direction ↓
1.Glycolysis Inhibitors:(2-DG, 3-BP)
-HK2 Inhibitors: such as 2-deoxyglucose, can reduce glycolysis
-PFK1 Inhibitors: such as PFK-158, can reduce glycolysis
-PFKFB Inhibitors:
-PKM2 Inhibitors: (Shikonin)
-can reduce glycolysis
-LDH Inhibitors: (Gossypol, FX11)
-reducing the conversion of pyruvate to lactate.
-inhibiting the production of ATP and NADH.
-GLUT1 Inhibitors: (phloretin, WZB117)
-a key transporter involved in glucose uptake.
-GLUT3 Inhibitors:
-PDK1 Inhibitors: (dichloroacetate)
- a key enzyme involved in the regulation of glycolysis.
2.Gluconeogenesis pathway:
-FBP1 Activators: can increase gluconeogenesis
-PEPCK1 Inhibitors: can reduce gluconeogenesis
3.Pentose phosphate pathway:
-G6PD Inhibitors: can reduce the pentose phosphate pathway
4.Mitochondrial metabolism:
-MPC1 Inhibitors: can reduce mitochondrial metabolism and inhibit cancer
-SDH Inhibitors: can reduce mitochondrial metabolism and inhibit cancer cell growth.
5.Hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha (HIF1α) pathway:
-HIF1α inhibitors: (PX-478,Shikonin)
-reduce expression of glycolytic genes and inhibit cancer cell growth.
6.AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) pathway:
-AMPK activators: (metformin,AICAR,berberine)
-can increase AMPK activity and inhibit cancer cell growth.
7.mTOR pathway:
-mTOR inhibitors:(rapamycin,everolimus)
-can reduce mTOR activity and inhibit cancer cell growth.
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