Ferulic acid / AntiBio Cancer Research Results

FA, Ferulic acid: Click to Expand ⟱
Features:
Ferulic acid is an antioxidant found in some skin creams and serums.
Foods: popcorn, bamboo, whole-grain rye bread, whole-grain oat flakes, sweet corn (cooked)
Ferulic acid (FA) is a hydroxycinnamic acid abundant in plant cell walls (notably cereals/whole grains) with strong antioxidant and cytoprotective activity. Mechanistically, FA is frequently described as inducing Nrf2/HO-1 antioxidant programs and suppressing NF-κB-linked inflammation, with additional model-dependent anticancer effects (cell-cycle arrest, apoptosis, reduced invasion). Oral exposure is variable because FA is rapidly metabolized (often as conjugates) and bioaccessibility depends on the food matrix.

-Ferulic acid found in dietary strand fractions, especially its free form, has important functions for protecting the human health.
-AChE inhibitor (AD)
-Cooking results in an increase in free ferulic acid quantity and in a reduction in bound ferulic acid quantity.
Bamboo shoots       243.6 mg/100g
Sugar-beet pulp     800 mg/100g
Popcorn             313 mg/100g
Wheat bran	    500–1500mg/100g
Whole wheat flour   100–300mg/100g
            
Type of corn p-coumaric acidferulic acid
   mg/kg, DW mg/kg, DW
Yellow dent 18.9 265
American blue N.D. 927
Mexican blue 1.3 202
white 6.6 2484
Pathway / Target	Modulation by FA / Direction
Aβ aggregation	         ↓ Inhibits fibril formation and destabilizes existing Aβ fibrils 
BACE‑1 & APP	         ↓ Reduces BACE-1 and APP expression; ↑ MMP‑2/‑9 expression promoting Aβ clearance
Tau hyperphosphorylation  Implicitly ↓ through modulation of Ca²⁺/CDK5/GSK3β pathways
Ca²⁺         	         ↓ FA lowers STEP levels via chelation of Ca²⁺, suppressing PP2B → restores synaptic plasticity
(AChE / BChE)	         ↓ Inhibition of AChE (FA IC₅₀~15 µM, derivatives IC₅₀ down to 0.006 µM); also BChE
(MAO‑A/B)	         ↓ Inhibits MAO‑B (derivatives IC₅₀ ~0.3–0.7 µM), reducing ROS
ROS                      ↓ Scavenges ROS, enhances antioxidant enzymes (e.g., catalase), ↓ MDA
(COX‑2, 5‑LOX, NLRP3)	 ↓ Derivatives inhibit COX‑2/5‑LOX; derivative 13a ↓ NLRP3 inflammasome
Iron/Cu²⁺ chelation	 ↓ Metal-induced Aβ aggregation via chelation by FA and derivatives
Autophagy & Aβ clearance  ↗ Suggested promotion of autophagy mechanisms targeting Aβ

Ferulic acid — Ferulic acid is a naturally occurring hydroxycinnamic phenolic acid concentrated in plant cell walls, particularly in cereal bran, whole grains, rice bran, corn, oats, wheat, bamboo shoots, and some fruits and vegetables. It is formally classified as a dietary polyphenol and phenolic antioxidant; the standard abbreviation is FA. Most food-derived FA is ester-linked to arabinoxylans, lignin, and other structural polysaccharides, whereas free FA is more readily absorbed. FA has predominantly antioxidant and cytoprotective activity in normal tissues, but can produce antiproliferative, pro-oxidant, mitochondrial, apoptotic, pyroptotic, and anti-invasive effects in susceptible cancer models. It is not an approved anticancer drug.

Primary mechanisms (ranked):

  1. Induction of cancer-cell growth arrest and mitochondrial cell death through suppression of PI3K/AKT/mTOR, STAT3, cyclins, and CDKs, with activation of p53, p21, BAX, caspases, and related stress pathways.
  2. Context-dependent redox disruption in cancer cells, including ROS accumulation, glutathione and antioxidant-enzyme depletion, mitochondrial dysfunction, lipid peroxidation, and ROS/JNK/BAX-dependent apoptosis or pyroptosis.
  3. Suppression of EMT, migration, invasion, angiogenesis, and metastasis through modulation of MMP2, MMP9, VEGF, β-catenin/ZEB1, vimentin, E-cadherin, NF-κB, and related pathways.
  4. Inhibition of glycolytic and anabolic signalling, including reductions in c-MYC, PKM2, LDH, CAIX, PI3K/AKT/mTOR, and tumor-associated glycolysis in selected models.
  5. Modulation of DNA-damage responses and cell-cycle checkpoints, including ATM, ATR, CHK1/2, γH2AX, p53, p21, CDC25, CDK2, CDK4/6, and cyclin D1.
  6. Suppression of tumor-promoting inflammatory signalling, particularly NF-κB, COX-2, JAK2/STAT3, inflammatory cytokines, and related mediators.
  7. NRF2/HO-1 and direct radical-scavenging activity are central to normal-cell protection but are secondary and context-dependent in cancer, where antioxidant signalling could theoretically protect some tumors from oxidative therapies.

Bioavailability / PK relevance: Orally administered FA is absorbed from the stomach and small intestine, with additional release and microbial conversion of cereal-bound FA in the colon. It undergoes rapid first-pass glucuronidation, sulfation, methylation, and glycine conjugation; circulating material is predominantly conjugated rather than free FA. Food-matrix binding is a major constraint: free FA and processed or enzymatically released FA are more bioavailable than intact bran-bound FA. Human cereal studies have reported free or equivalent plasma concentrations in the low-nanomolar range, while pharmacokinetic results from herbal mixtures cannot be directly extrapolated to purified FA. Nanoencapsulation, phospholipid carriers, ester derivatives, and enzymatic liberation from bran can increase exposure experimentally, but none is established for oncology.

In-vitro vs systemic exposure relevance: Most anticancer experiments use approximately 25–500 µM FA, with many cytotoxic effects occurring at 100 µM or higher. These concentrations substantially exceed the low-nanomolar free FA levels typically observed after ordinary dietary intake and likely exceed sustained free systemic exposure achievable with conventional oral preparations. Therefore, direct systemic tumor cytotoxicity from dietary FA is pharmacokinetically implausible. Local gastrointestinal exposure, metabolites, repeated dosing, formulated delivery, or pharmacological derivatives may be more relevant than plasma free-FA concentrations.

Clinical evidence status: Cancer evidence is preclinical, consisting mainly of cultured cancer cells and rodent xenograft or carcinogenesis models. There are no established oncology RCTs showing tumor response, progression-free survival, or overall-survival benefit from purified FA. Radiosensitization and chemosensitization have been reported experimentally, but FA also protects normal tissues from radiation and chemotherapy injury; the net interaction is treatment-, timing-, dose-, and tissue-dependent. Human evidence is limited mainly to dietary bioavailability, topical dermatology, cardiovascular or metabolic observations, and combination supplements studied in cognitive impairment. FA should not be classified as a clinically validated anticancer therapy.

Ferulic Acid Mechanistic Profile

Rank Pathway / Axis Cancer Cells Normal Cells TSF Primary Effect Notes / Interpretation
1 PI3K AKT mTOR survival signalling PI3K ↓; AKT ↓; mTOR ↓; PTEN ↑ (model-dependent) AKT ↔ or ↑ during injury protection R, G Growth inhibition and apoptosis sensitization A recurrent anticancer axis, although direction in normal stressed tissue may differ from that in malignant cells.
2 Mitochondrial apoptosis Mitochondrial membrane potential ↓; BAX ↑; BCL-2 ↓; cytochrome c release ↑; caspase-9 ↑; caspase-3 ↑; apoptosis ↑ Mitochondrial injury ↓; apoptosis ↓ under toxic or inflammatory stress R, G Intrinsic cell-death execution Common downstream phenotype in susceptible cancer models; frequently concentration- and cell-line-dependent.
3 Cancer-cell ROS and pyroptotic stress ROS ↑; JNK ↑; BAX ↑; GSDMD processing ↑; apoptosis or pyroptosis ↑ (model-dependent) ROS ↓; lipid peroxidation ↓; oxidative injury ↓ P, R, G Selective redox overload FA is not uniformly antioxidant in cancer. A ROS/JNK/BAX/GSDMD mechanism has been reported in lung-cancer models, but is not established across tumor types.
4 Cell-cycle checkpoint control p53 ↑; p21 ↑; CHK1/2 ↑; CDC25 ↓; CDK2 ↓; CDK4/6 ↓; cyclin D1 ↓; arrest ↑ ↔ G Cytostasis The specific arrest phase varies among models and may include G0/G1, S-phase, or G2/M accumulation.
5 EMT invasion and metastasis EMT ↓; MMP2 ↓; MMP9 ↓; vimentin ↓; β-catenin/ZEB1 ↓; migration ↓; invasion ↓ ↔ G Anti-invasive and antimetastatic phenotype Supported principally by cell migration assays and animal tumor models rather than clinical evidence.
6 NF-κB inflammatory signalling NF-κB ↓; COX-2 ↓; inflammatory cytokines ↓; survival signalling ↓ NF-κB ↓; COX-2 ↓; iNOS ↓; TNF-α ↓; IL-1β ↓; IL-6 ↓ R, G Reduced inflammation and tumor-promoting signalling This mechanism is more consistently protective and anti-inflammatory than directly cytotoxic.
7 Glycolysis and anabolic metabolism c-MYC ↓; PKM2 ↓; LDH ↓; CAIX ↓; glycolysis ↓ (model-dependent) ↔ G Metabolic growth restriction Potentially important in highly glycolytic tumors but supported by fewer models than apoptosis and cell-cycle regulation.
8 STAT and growth-factor signalling JAK2 ↓; phosphorylated STAT3 ↓; STAT6 ↓; FGFR1 ↓; FGFR2 ↓; proliferation ↓ ↔ R, G Suppression of proliferative transcription Individual targets are tumor-model-specific and should not be treated as universal direct molecular targets of FA.
9 Angiogenesis VEGF ↓; angiogenesis ↓ VEGF ↔ or ↑ during tissue repair (context-dependent) G Reduced tumor vascular support Potentially opposite modulation in ischemic or reparative normal tissue illustrates the context dependence of FA.
10 DNA damage response ATM ↑; ATR ↑; CHK1/2 ↑; γH2AX ↑; DNA damage ↑ (high concentration only) DNA oxidative damage ↓ R, G Checkpoint activation and tumor-cell death At pharmacological concentrations, FA may promote cancer-cell stress while protecting normal DNA through antioxidant activity.
11 NRF2 HO-1 antioxidant response NRF2 ↔ or ↑ (context-dependent); possible tumor stress adaptation NRF2 ↑; ARE ↑; HO-1 ↑; NQO1 ↑; GCLC ↑; GCLM ↑; GSH ↑ R, G Endogenous antioxidant defence A core cytoprotective mechanism in normal tissues but not necessarily therapeutically favourable in NRF2-dependent tumors.
12 Mitochondrial dynamics and tissue protection Not consistently defined DRP1 ↓; FIS1 ↓; MFN1 ↑; MFN2 ↑; OPA1 ↑; mitochondrial damage ↓ R, G Preservation of mitochondrial integrity Reported mainly in toxic, metabolic, cardiovascular, or neurological injury models.
13 Radiosensitization and radioprotection Radiosensitization ↑ in selected models; DNA damage and apoptosis ↑ (model-dependent) Radiation-induced ROS ↓; inflammation ↓; tissue injury ↓; radioprotection ↑ R, G Bidirectional radiation interaction Timing and tissue selectivity are critical. Normal-tissue radioprotection does not establish improved tumor control and could theoretically reduce efficacy under some conditions.
14 Chemosensitization and treatment toxicity Chemosensitivity ↑ in selected drug and cell-line combinations Chemotherapy-associated oxidative or inflammatory injury ↓ R, G Adjunct modulation No standardized human oncology dosing or validated treatment combination has been established.
15 Clinical Translation Constraint Free systemic FA exposure is far below many cytotoxic in-vitro concentrations Rapid conjugation; matrix-dependent absorption; generally dietary exposure — Limited systemic anticancer translation Most experiments use tens to hundreds of micromolar FA, whereas human dietary exposure produces predominantly conjugated metabolites and low free plasma concentrations.

P: 0–30 min    R: 30 min–3 hr    G: >3 hr



Alzheimer’s disease relevance: Ferulic acid has substantial preclinical relevance to Alzheimer’s disease through direct inhibition of amyloid-β aggregation, attenuation of APP and BACE1 processing, reduction of tau phosphorylation, suppression of neuroinflammation and oxidative injury, metal chelation, preservation of mitochondrial function, and modulation of cholinergic signalling. FA and several FA-derived multifunctional compounds inhibit AChE or BChE in vitro, but the potency of derivatives should not be attributed to unmodified FA. Small human studies have evaluated combination products containing FA and Angelica archangelica extract in mild cognitive impairment or dementia-related symptoms; these do not establish efficacy of isolated FA or demonstrate disease modification. The clinical evidence remains preliminary and formulation-specific.

AD clinical evidence status: Strong preclinical evidence; limited small human combination-product studies; no confirmatory phase III trial; no regulatory approval for prevention or treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. Reported cognitive findings require replication using isolated FA, adequate sample sizes, biomarker-defined populations, validated dosing, and longer follow-up.

Ferulic Acid in Alzheimer’s Disease

Rank Pathway / Axis Modulation TSF Primary Effect Notes / Interpretation
1 Amyloid beta aggregation Aβ oligomerization ↓; fibril formation ↓; existing fibril stability ↓ P, R Reduced amyloid aggregation Direct anti-aggregation effects are demonstrated mainly in biochemical and cellular systems at concentrations not clearly achieved in human brain tissue.
2 APP BACE1 amyloid production APP ↓; BACE1 ↓; amyloidogenic processing ↓ G Reduced Aβ generation Supported mainly by cellular and animal models.
3 Oxidative stress and NRF2 HO-1 ROS ↓; lipid peroxidation ↓; NRF2 ↑; HO-1 ↑; NQO1 ↑; GSH ↑; antioxidant enzymes ↑ P, R, G Neuronal redox protection One of the most consistent neuroprotective mechanisms across toxicant and neurodegeneration models.
4 Neuroinflammation NF-κB ↓; NLRP3 ↓; COX-2 ↓; iNOS ↓; TNF-α ↓; IL-1β ↓; IL-6 ↓ R, G Reduced inflammatory neuronal injury Predominantly demonstrated in animal and glial-cell models.
5 Tau kinase and phosphatase balance GSK3β activity ↓; CDK5 dysregulation ↓; tau hyperphosphorylation ↓ (model-dependent) R, G Reduced tau pathology The exact upstream mechanism varies and may involve calcium signalling, AKT, ERK, and oxidative-stress regulation.
6 Cholinergic signalling AChE ↓; BChE ↓; acetylcholine availability ↑; ChAT ↑ (model-dependent) P, R, G Improved cholinergic transmission Unmodified FA is generally less potent than optimized FA derivatives; derivative potency must be recorded separately.
7 Mitochondrial function Mitochondrial ROS ↓; membrane-potential loss ↓; ATP preservation ↑; DRP1 ↓; FIS1 ↓; MFN1 and MFN2 ↑ R, G Preserved neuronal bioenergetics Evidence derives mainly from oxidative, toxicant, and ischemic injury models.
8 Calcium dependent synaptic dysfunction Pathological Ca²⁺ signalling ↓; calcineurin PP2B signalling ↓; STEP ↓ (model-dependent) P, R Preserved synaptic plasticity The description of FA as directly chelating neuronal calcium should be used cautiously; pathway modulation is better supported than clinically meaningful systemic calcium chelation.
9 Metal associated amyloid toxicity Iron and Cu²⁺ coordination ↑; metal-driven ROS and Aβ aggregation ↓ P, R Reduced metal-mediated oxidative aggregation Most evidence is biochemical. Brain exposure sufficient for clinically meaningful chelation has not been established.
10 Autophagy and proteostasis Autophagic clearance ↔ or ↑ (model-dependent); Aβ clearance ↑ G Improved aggregate disposal Autophagy findings are inconsistent and should not be represented as a universal FA mechanism.
11 Clinical Translation Constraint Brain exposure uncertain; extensive conjugation; human evidence derived largely from combination products — Unproven disease modification No validated isolated-FA dose, target-engagement biomarker, or confirmatory Alzheimer’s disease trial is available.

P: 0–30 min    R: 30 min–3 hr    G: >3 hr
AntiBio, Antibiotic/Antimicrobial activity: Click to Expand ⟱
Source:
Type:

Antibiotic / antimicrobial activity: The ability of a substance to suppress or kill microorganisms, especially bacteria, by disrupting microbial survival, growth, biofilm formation, cell-wall integrity, membrane function, protein synthesis, nucleic-acid synthesis, quorum sensing, or virulence.

Natural Products that might have antimicrobial properties

Natural supplement or product Principal constituents Potential antimicrobial activity Evidence assessment Reference
Garlic
Allium sativum		 Allicin, ajoene and diallyl sulfides Antibacterial and antifungal activity, with some antiviral and antiparasitic effects reported in laboratory studies. Extensive laboratory evidence, but insufficient clinical evidence to use garlic as a treatment for established infections. Tesfaye A. Revealing the therapeutic uses of garlic and its potential for drug discovery. Scientific review.
Berberine Berberine isoquinoline alkaloid May damage bacterial membranes, inhibit efflux pumps, interfere with nucleic-acid and protein synthesis, and inhibit biofilm formation. Strong preclinical evidence and limited indication-specific clinical evidence. Poor oral bioavailability and drug interactions limit its use as a general antimicrobial. Berberine as a therapeutic alkaloid against ESKAPE and multidrug-resistant bacteria: a comprehensive review.
Cranberry extract
Vaccinium macrocarpon		 A-type proanthocyanidins Primarily reduces adhesion of uropathogenic bacteria, particularly Escherichia coli, to urinary epithelial cells. May reduce recurrent urinary tract infections in selected populations. It is preventive rather than a reliable treatment for an active UTI. National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health: Cranberry—Usefulness and Safety.
Probiotics
Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium and Saccharomyces boulardii 		Live microorganisms; effects are strain-specific Competitive exclusion of pathogens, production of bacteriocins, inhibition of pathogen adhesion and restoration of microbiome function. Some human evidence for antibiotic-associated diarrhea and selected gastrointestinal or vaginal indications. Results cannot be generalized from one strain to another. NIH Office of Dietary Supplements: Probiotics—Health Professional Fact Sheet.
Medical-grade honey / Manuka honey Methylglyoxal, hydrogen peroxide, defensin-1, organic acids and high osmolarity Broad topical antibacterial and antibiofilm activity; also supports autolytic debridement and wound healing. Clinically relevant primarily as a standardized, medical-grade topical wound product. Ordinary food honey is not equivalent. Jull AB et al. Honey as a topical treatment for wounds. Cochrane systematic review.
Oregano oil
Origanum vulgare		 Carvacrol and thymol Antibacterial, antifungal and antibiofilm activity, largely through disruption of microbial membranes. Strong laboratory activity, but inadequate human evidence for oral treatment of infections. Concentrated oil can cause irritation. Chemical composition, biological activity and potential uses of oregano and oregano essential oil: a review.
Thyme
Thymus vulgaris		 Thymol and carvacrol Antibacterial, antifungal and antibiofilm activity through membrane damage and altered microbial permeability. Better established as a constituent of topical antiseptic and oral-care formulations than as an oral treatment for systemic infection. PubMed literature: thyme, thymol and antimicrobial activity.
Tea tree oil
Melaleuca alternifolia		 Terpinen-4-ol and related monoterpenes Topical antibacterial and antifungal activity with some antiviral laboratory activity. Some clinical evidence for topical acne and fungal skin conditions. Tea tree oil is toxic when swallowed and may cause contact dermatitis. Carson CF et al. Melaleuca alternifolia oil: a review of antimicrobial and other medicinal properties.
Echinacea
Echinacea species		 Alkamides, caffeic-acid derivatives, polysaccharides and glycoproteins Primarily immunomodulatory; relatively weak and inconsistent direct antimicrobial activity. Evidence for preventing or shortening respiratory infections is inconsistent and preparation-dependent. National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health: Echinacea—Usefulness and Safety.
Elderberry
Sambucus nigra		 Anthocyanins, flavonols and phenolic acids Antiviral effects have been reported in cell-culture and preclinical studies, including interference with viral entry or replication. Small human trials have examined respiratory symptoms, but evidence remains insufficient to establish treatment of influenza or other viral infections. National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health: Elderberry.
Curcumin / turmeric
Curcuma longa		 Curcumin and related curcuminoids Antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral and antibiofilm activity through multiple membrane, enzyme and signalling effects. Predominantly laboratory evidence. Poor aqueous solubility and low systemic bioavailability are major clinical limitations. Moghadamtousi SZ et al. A review on antibacterial, antiviral and antifungal activity of curcumin.
Ginger
Zingiber officinale		 Gingerols, shogaols and zingerone Antibacterial and antifungal activity, including possible inhibition of microbial adhesion and biofilm formation. Primarily laboratory evidence; there is little direct clinical evidence that ginger supplements treat infections. PubMed literature: ginger, gingerols and antimicrobial activity.
Clove
Syzygium aromaticum		 Eugenol and eugenyl acetate Antibacterial, antifungal and local antiseptic activity, principally through membrane and protein disruption. Relevant mainly to topical, food-preservation and dental applications. Evidence for systemic infection treatment is insufficient. PubMed literature: clove, eugenol and antimicrobial activity.
Cinnamon
Cinnamomum species		 Cinnamaldehyde, eugenol and cinnamic acid derivatives Antibacterial, antifungal and antibiofilm activity; may alter microbial membranes and quorum-sensing pathways. Predominantly laboratory evidence. Cassia cinnamon can contribute substantial coumarin exposure when consumed in concentrated amounts. PubMed literature: cinnamon, cinnamaldehyde and antimicrobial activity.
Neem
Azadirachta indica		 Nimbidin, nimbin, nimbolide, azadirachtin and other limonoids Antibacterial, antifungal, antiparasitic and antibiofilm effects have been reported. Some topical and dental research exists, but systemic clinical evidence is inadequate. Oral neem preparations have important safety concerns. PubMed literature: Azadirachta indica and antimicrobial activity.
Black seed
Nigella sativa		 Thymoquinone, thymohydroquinone and related volatile compounds Antibacterial, antifungal, antiparasitic and possible antiviral activity. Considerable laboratory research but limited, heterogeneous clinical evidence for infectious diseases. PubMed literature: Nigella sativa, thymoquinone and antimicrobial activity.
Green tea extract
Camellia sinensis		 Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) and other catechins Antibacterial, antiviral and antibiofilm activity; may damage membranes, inhibit microbial enzymes and enhance some antibiotics. Some localized oral-health evidence, but limited evidence for treating systemic infections. Concentrated extracts may cause liver injury in susceptible individuals. PubMed literature: EGCG, green tea and antimicrobial activity.
Licorice root
Glycyrrhiza species		 Glycyrrhizin, glycyrrhetinic acid, liquiritigenin and other flavonoids Antiviral, antibacterial and antifungal effects have been reported in laboratory and preclinical studies. Limited clinical antimicrobial evidence. Glycyrrhizin can cause hypertension, hypokalemia, fluid retention and clinically important drug interactions. National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health: Licorice Root.
Andrographis
Andrographis paniculata		 Andrographolide and related diterpenoid lactones Immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory and possible antiviral or antibacterial activity. Some evidence for modest symptom reduction in uncomplicated respiratory infections, but this does not establish direct pathogen eradication. PubMed literature: Andrographis and respiratory infections.
Pelargonium sidoides Proanthocyanidins, phenolic acids and oxygenated coumarin derivatives Possible antiviral, antibacterial anti-adhesive and immunomodulatory activity. Some human evidence for modest symptom improvement in acute bronchitis and selected respiratory infections. It is not a substitute for antibiotics when bacterial treatment is indicated. Timmer A et al. Pelargonium sidoides extract for acute respiratory tract infections. Cochrane systematic review.
Monolaurin
Glycerol monolaurate		 Monolaurin, a monoester derived from lauric acid May disrupt lipid membranes and interfere with signalling or virulence in certain bacteria and enveloped viruses. Predominantly laboratory and animal evidence. There is insufficient clinical evidence to recommend oral monolaurin for infections. PubMed literature: glycerol monolaurate and antimicrobial activity.
Caprylic acid Octanoic acid, an eight-carbon medium-chain fatty acid Antifungal and membrane-disrupting activity, particularly against Candida species, has been reported in vitro. Insufficient human evidence for treating candidiasis or systemic fungal infection. Marketing claims commonly exceed the evidence. PubMed literature: caprylic acid and Candida.
Olive leaf extract
Olea europaea		 Oleuropein, hydroxytyrosol and elenolic-acid derivatives Antibacterial, antiviral and antifungal activity has been observed in laboratory studies. Preliminary evidence only; clinical trials have not established it as a treatment for infectious disease. PubMed literature: olive leaf, oleuropein and antimicrobial activity.
Goldenseal
Hydrastis canadensis		 Hydrastine, canadine and berberine Extracts and individual alkaloids show antibacterial activity in laboratory studies. There is no good clinical evidence that goldenseal treats human infections. Product composition, absorption and drug interactions are important limitations. National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health: Goldenseal.
Sweet wormwood / artemisinin
Artemisia annua 		Artemisinin and related sesquiterpene lactones Artemisinin derivatives are potent antimalarial agents. Additional antibacterial, antiviral and antiparasitic effects are being studied. Artemisinin-based combination therapies are established medicines, not ordinary supplements. Herbal preparations should not replace standardized malaria treatment because dose variability can promote treatment failure and resistance. World Health Organization: Guidelines for malaria.

Evidence interpretation

  • Clinical evidence: Effects have been studied in human participants, but usually for a specific preparation, route, dose and indication.
  • Preclinical evidence: Activity has mainly been demonstrated in cell culture, microbial cultures or animal models.
  • Anti-adhesive or probiotic activity: The product may reduce colonization or pathogen attachment without directly killing the microorganism.
  • Topical evidence: Results from topical use cannot be assumed to apply to an orally administered supplement.


Scientific Papers found: Click to Expand⟱
6873- FA,    Ferulic acid: extraction, estimation, bioactivity and applications for human health and food
- Review, Nor, NA
*Inflam↓, *AntiBio↑, AntiCan↑, *AntiDiabetic↑, *cardioP↑, *neuroP↑, *ROS↓, *antiOx↑, *AGEs↓, *Catalase↑, *SOD↑,

Showing Research Papers: 1 to 1 of 1

* indicates research on normal cells as opposed to diseased cells
Total Research Paper Matches: 1

Pathway results for Effect on Cancer / Diseased Cells:


Functional Outcomes(tgid=23) ⓘ

AntiCan↑, 1,  
Total Targets: 1

Pathway results for Effect on Normal Cells:


NA, unassigned(tgid=0) ⓘ

AntiBio↑, 1,  

Redox & Oxidative Stress(tgid=1) ⓘ

antiOx↑, 1,   Catalase↑, 1,   ROS↓, 1,   SOD↑, 1,  

Immune & Inflammatory Signaling(tgid=16) ⓘ

Inflam↓, 1,  

Protein Aggregation(tgid=19) ⓘ

AGEs↓, 1,  

Functional Outcomes(tgid=23) ⓘ

AntiDiabetic↑, 1,   cardioP↑, 1,   neuroP↑, 1,  
Total Targets: 10

Scientific Paper Hit Count for: AntiBio, Antibiotic/Antimicrobial activity
Query results interpretion may depend on "conditions" listed in the research papers.
Such Conditions may include : 
  -low or high Dose
  -format for product, such as nano of lipid formations
  -different cell line effects
  -synergies with other products 
  -if effect was for normal or cancerous cells

Filter Conditions: Pro/AntiFlg:%  IllCat:%  CanType:%  Cells:%  prod#:77  Target#:1483  State#:%  Dir#:2
  wNotes=0  sortOrder:rid,rpid

 

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