Half-Life Cancer Research Results
Half-Life, Half-Life: Click to Expand ⟱
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For many drugs, the half-life is the time it takes for half of the drug’s active substance to be eliminated from the bloodstream.
In medicine, knowing a drug’s half-life helps in designing treatment regimens that reduce adverse effects.
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Scientific Papers found: Click to Expand⟱
Glycolysis↓, 2-DG inhibits glycolysis due to formation and intracellular accumulation of 2-deoxy-d-glucose-6-phosphate (2-DG6P), inhibiting the function of hexokinase and glucose-6-phosphate isomerase, and inducing cell death
HK2↓,
mt-ROS↑, 2-DG-mediated glucose deprivation stimulates reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in mitochondria, also leading to AMPK activation and autophagy stimulation.
AMPK↑,
PPP↓, 2-DG has been shown to block the pentose phosphate shunt
NADPH↓, Decreased levels of NADPH correlate with reduced glutathione levels, one of the major cellular antioxidants.
GSH↓,
Bax:Bcl2↑, Valera et al. also observed that in bladder cancer cells, 2-DG treatment modulates the Bcl-2/Bax protein ratio, driving apoptosis induction
Apoptosis↑,
RadioS↑, 2-DG radiosensitization results from its effect on thiol metabolism
eff↓, (NAC) treatment, downregulated glutamate cysteine ligase activity, or overexpression of ROS scavenging enzymes
Half-Life↓, its plasma half-life was only 48 min [117]) make 2-DG a rather poor drug candidate
other↝, Adverse effects of 2-DG administration in humans include fatigue, sweating, dizziness, and nausea, mimicking the symptoms of hypoglycemia
eff↓, Moreover, 2-DG has to be used at relatively high concentrations (≥5 mmol/L) in order to compete with blood glucose
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*antiOx↑, antioxidant potential and free radical scavenging activity.
*ROS↓,
*IronCh↑, Lipoic acid acts as a chelating agent for metal ions, a quenching agent for reactive oxygen species, and a reducing agent for the oxidized form of glutathione and vitamins C and E.
*cognitive↑, α-Lipoic acid enantiomers and its reduced form have antioxidant, cognitive, cardiovascular, detoxifying, anti-aging, dietary supplement, anti-cancer, neuroprotective, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory properties.
*cardioP↓,
AntiCan↑,
*neuroP↑,
*Inflam↓, α-Lipoic acid can reduce inflammatory markers in patients with heart disease
*BioAv↓, bioavailability in its pure form is low (approximately 30%).
*AntiAge↑, As a dietary supplements α-lipoic acid has become a common ingredient in regular products like anti-aging supplements and multivitamin formulations
*Half-Life↓, it has a half-life (t1/2) of 30 min to 1 h.
*BioAv↝, It should be stored in a cool, dark, and dry environment, at 0 °C for short-term storage (few days to weeks) and at − 20 °C for long-term storage (few months to years).
other↝, Remarkably, neither α-lipoic acid nor dihydrolipoic acid can scavenge hydrogen peroxide, possibly the most abundant second messenger ROS, in the absence of enzymatic catalysis.
EGFR↓, α-Lipoic acid inhibits cell proliferation via the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and the protein kinase B (PKB), also known as the Akt signaling, and induces apoptosis in human breast cancer cells
Akt↓,
ROS↓, α-Lipoic acid tramps the ROS followed by arrest in the G1 phase of the cell cycle and activates p27 (kip1)-dependent cell cycle arrest via changing of the ratio of the apoptotic-related protein Bax/Bcl-2
TumCCA↑,
p27↑,
PDH↑, α-Lipoic acid drives pyruvate dehydrogenase by downregulating aerobic glycolysis and activation of apoptosis in breast cancer cells, lactate production
Glycolysis↓,
ROS↑, HT-29 human colon cancer cells; It was concluded that α-lipoic acid induces apoptosis by a pro-oxidant mechanism triggered by an escalated uptake of mitochondrial substrates in oxidizable form
*eff↑, Several studies have found that combining α-lipoic acid and omega-3 fatty acids has a synergistic effect in slowing functional and cognitive decline in Alzheimer’s disease
*memory↑, α-lipoic acid inhibits brain weight loss, downregulates oxidative tissue damage resulting in neuronal cell loss, repairs memory and motor function,
*motorD↑,
*GutMicro↑, modulates the gut microbiota without reducing the microbial diversity (
*antiOx↑, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties
*Inflam↓,
*PGE2↓, α-LA has mechanisms of epigenetic regulation in genes related to the expression of various inflammatory mediators, such PGE2, COX-2, iNOS, TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6
*COX2↓,
*iNOS↓,
*TNF-α↓,
*IL1β↓,
*IL6↓,
*BioAv↓, α-LA has rapid uptake and low bioavailability and the metabolism is primarily hepatic
*Ach↑, α-LA increases the production of acetylcholine [30], inhibits the production of free radicals [31], and promotes the downregulation of inflammatory processes
*ROS↓,
*cognitive↑, Studies have shown that patients with mild AD who were treated with α-LA showed a slower progression of cognitive impairment
*neuroP↑, α-LA is classified as an ideal neuroprotective antioxidant because of its ability to cross the blood-brain barrier and its uniform uptake profile throughout the central and peripheral nervous systems
*BBB↑,
*Half-Life↓, α-LA presented a mean time to reach the maximum plasma concentration (tmax) of 15 minutes and a mean plasma half-life (t1/2) of 14 minutes
*BioAv↑, LA consumption is recommended 30 minutes before or 2 hours after food intake
*Casp3↓, α-LA had an effect on caspases-3 and -9, reducing the activity of these apoptosis-promoting molecules to basal levels
*Casp9↓,
*ChAT↑, α-LA increased the expression of M2 muscarinic receptors in the hippocampus and M1 and M2 in the amygdala, in addition to ChaT expression in both regions.
*cognitive↑, α-LA acts on these apoptotic signalling pathways, leading to improved cognitive function and attenuation of neurodegeneration.
*eff↑, Based on their results, the authors suggest that treatment with α-LA would be a successful neuroprotective option in AD, at least as an adjuvant to standard treatment with acetylcholinesterase inhibitors.
*cAMP↑, The increase of cAMP caused by α-LA inhibits the release of proinflammatory cytokines, such as IL-2, IFN-γ, and TNF-α.
*IL2↓,
*INF-γ↓,
*TNF-α↓,
*SIRT1↑, Protein expression encoded by SIRT1 showed higher levels after α-LA treatment, especially in liver cells.
*SOD↑, antioxidant enzymes (SOD and GSH-Px) and malondialdehyde (MDA) were analysed by ELISA after 24 h of MCAO, which showed that the enzymatic activities were recovered and MDA was reduced in the α-LA-treated groups i
*GPx↑,
*MDA↓,
*NRF2↑, The ratio of nucleus/cytoplasmic Nrf2 was higher in the α-LA group 40 mg/kg, indicating that the activation of this factor also occurred in a dose-dependent manner
*neuroP↑, potential therapeutic effects for the prevention or treatment of neurodegenerative disease
*Inflam↓, ALA is able to regulate inflammatory cell infiltration into the central nervous system and to down-regulate VCAM-1 and human monocyte adhesion to epithelial cells
*VCAM-1↓, down-regulate vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) and the human monocyte adhesion to epithelial cells
*5HT↑, ALA is able to improve the function of the dopamine, serotonin and norepinephrine neurotransmitters
*memory↑, scientific evidence shows that ALA possesses the ability to improve memory capacity in a number of experimental neurodegenerative disease models and in age-related cognitive decline in rodents
*BioAv↝, Between 27 and 34% of the oral intake is available for tissue absorption; the liver is one of the main clearance organs on account of its high absorption and storage capacity
*Half-Life↓, The plasma half-life of ALA is approximately 30 minutes. Peak urinary excretion occurs 3-6 hours after intake.
*NF-kB↓, As an inhibitor of NF-κβ, ALA has been studied in cytokine-mediated inflammation
*antiOx↑, In addition to the direct antioxidant properties of ALA, some studies have shown that both ALA and DHLA and a great capacity to chelate redox-active metals, such as copper, free iron,
zinc and magnesium, albeit in different ways (
*IronCh↑, ALA is able to chelate transition metal ions and, therefore, modulate the iron- and copper-mediated oxidative stress in Alzheimer’s plaques
*ROS↓, iron and copper chelation with DHLA may explain the low level of free radical damage in the brain and the improvement in the pathobiology of Alzheimer’s Disease
*ATP↑, ALA may increase the mitochondrial synthesis of ATP in the brain of elderly rats, thereby increasing the activity of the mitochondrial enzymes
*ChAT↑, ALA may also play a role in the activation of the choline acetyltransferase enzyme (ChAT), which is essential in the anabolism of acetylcholine
*Ach↑,
*cognitive↑, One experimental study has shown that in rats that had been administered ALA there was an inversion in the cognitive dysfunction with an increase in ChAT activity in the hippocampus
*lipid-P↓, administration of ALA reduces lipid peroxidation in different areas of the brain and increases the activity of antioxidants such as ascorbate (vitamin C), α-tocopherol (vitamin E), glutathione,
*VitC↑,
*VitE↑,
*GSH↑,
*SOD↑, and also the activity of superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione-peroxidase, glutathione-reductase, glucose-6-P-dehydrogenase
*Catalase↑,
*GPx↑,
*Aβ↓, Both ALA and DHLA have been seen to inhibit the formation of Aβ fibrils
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SkBr3 |
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neuroblastoma, |
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PDH↑, ALA is capable of activating pyruvate dehydrogenase in tumor cells.
TumCG↓, ALA also significantly inhibited tumor growth in mouse xenograft model using BCPAP and FTC-133 cells
ROS↑, ALA is able to generate ROS, which promote ALA-dependent cell death in lung cancer [75], breast cancer [76] and colon cancer
AMPK↑,
EGR4↓,
Half-Life↓, Data suggests that ALA has a short half-life and bioavailability (about 30%)
BioAv↝,
*GSH↑, Moreover, it is able to increase the glutathione levels inside the cells, that chelate and excrete a wide variety of toxins, especially toxic metals from the body
*IronCh↑, The existence of thiol groups in ALA is responsible for its metal chelating abilities [14,35].
*ROS↓, ALA exerts a direct impact in oxidative stress reduction
*antiOx↑, ALA is being referred as the universal antioxidant
*neuroP↑, ALA has neuroprotective effects on Aβ-mediated cytotoxicity
*Ach↑, ALA show anti-dementia or anti-AD properties by increasing acetylcholine (ACh) production through activation of choline acetyltransferase, which increases glucose absorption
*lipid-P↓, ALA has multiple and complex effects in this way, namely scavenging ROS, transition metal ions, increasing the levels of reduced glutathione [59,63], scavenging of lipid peroxidation products
*IL1β↓, ALA downregulated the levels of the inflammatory cytokines IL-1B and IL-6 in SK-N-BE human neuroblastoma cells
*IL6↓,
TumCP↓, ALA inhibited cell proliferation, [18F]-FDG uptake and lactate formation and increased apoptosis in neuroblastoma cell lines Kelly, SK-N-SH, Neuro-2a and in the breast cancer cell line SkBr3.
FDG↓,
Apoptosis↑,
AMPK↑, ALA suppressed thyroid cancer cell proliferation and growth through activation of AMPK and subsequent down-regulation of mTOR-S6 signaling pathway in BCPAP, HTH-83, CAL-62 and FTC-133 cells lines.
mTOR↓,
EGFR↓, ALA inhibited cell proliferation through Grb2-mediated EGFR down-regulation
TumCI↓, ALA inhibited metastatic breast cancer cells migration and invasion, partly through ERK1/2 and AKT signaling
TumCMig↓,
*memory↑, Alzheimer’s Disease: ALA led to a marked improvement in learning and memory retention
*BioAv↑, Since ALA is poorly soluble, lecithin has been used as an amphiphilic matrix to enhance its bioavailability.
*BioAv↝, ALA were found to be considerably higher in adults with mean age greater than 75 years as compared to young adults between the ages of 18 and 45 years.
*other↓, ALA treatment has been recently studied by some clinical trials to explain its efficacy in preventing miscarriage
*other↝, 1800 mg of ALA or placebo were administrated orally every day, except during the period 2 days before to 4 days after administration of each dose of platinum to avoid potential interference with platinum’s antitumor effects
*Half-Life↓, Data shows a short half-life and bioavailability of about 30% of ALA due to mechanisms involving hepatic degradation, reduced ALA solubility as well as instability in the stomach.
*BioAv↑, ALA bioavailability is greatly reduced after food intake and it has been recommended that ALA should be admitted at least 2 h after eating or if taken before; meal should be taken at least 30 min after ALA administration
*ChAT↑, ALA show anti-dementia or anti-AD properties by increasing acetylcholine (ACh) production through activation of choline acetyltransferase, which increases glucose absorption
*GlucoseCon↑,
AntiCan↑, antimalarial drug, artemisinin that has shown anticancer activities in vitro and in vivo.
toxicity↑, safety of artemisinins in long-term cancer therapy requires further investigation.
Ferroptosis↑, Artemisinins acts against cancer cells via various pathways such as inducing apoptosis (Zhu et al., 2014; Zuo et al., 2014) and ferroptosis via the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) (Zhu et al., 2021) and causing cell cycle arrest
ROS↑,
TumCCA↑,
BioAv↝, absolute bioavailability was estimated to be 21.6%. ART has good solubility and is not lipophilic
eff↝, ART would not distribute well to the tissues and might be more effective in treating cancers such as leukemia, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), or renal cell carcinoma because the liver and kidney are highly perfused organs.
Half-Life↓, Pharmacokinetic studies showed a relatively short t1/2 of artemisinins. For ART, t1/2 was 0.41 h
Ferritin↓, Figure 3
GPx4↓,
NADPH↓,
GSH↓,
BAX↑,
Cyt‑c↑,
cl‑Casp3↑,
VEGF↓, angiogenesis
IL8↓,
COX2↓,
MMP9↓,
E-cadherin↑,
MMP2↓,
NF-kB↓,
p16↑, cell cycle arrest
CDK4↓,
cycD1/CCND1↓,
p62↓, autophagy
LC3II↑,
EMT↓, suppressing EMT and CSCs
CSCs↓,
Wnt↓, Depress Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway
β-catenin/ZEB1↓,
uPA↓, Inhibit u-PA activity, protein and mRNA expression
TumAuto↑, Emerging evidence suggests that autophagy induction is one of the molecular mechanisms underlying anticancer activity of artemisinins
angioG↓, Inhibition of Angiogenesis
ChemoSen↑, Many studies also reported that the use of artemisinins sensitized cancer cells to conventional chemotherapy and exerted a synergistic effect on apoptosis, inhibition of cell growth, and a reduction of cell viability, leading to a lower IC50 value
TumCP↓, inhibiting cancer proliferation, metastasis, and angiogenesis.
TumMeta↓,
angioG↓,
TumVol↓, reduces tumor volume and progression
BioAv↓, artemisinin has low solubility in water or oil, poor bioavailability, and a short half-life in vivo (~2.5 h)
Half-Life↓,
BioAv↑, semisynthetic derivatives of artemisinin such as artesunate, arteeter, artemether, and artemisone have been effectively used as antimalarials with good clinical efficacy and tolerability
eff↑, preloading of cancer cells with iron or iron-saturated holotransferrin (diferric transferrin) triggers artemisinin cytotoxicity
eff↓, Similarly, treatment with desferroxamine (DFO), an iron chelator, renders compounds inactive
ROS↑, ROS generation may contribute with the selective action of artemisinin on cancer cells.
selectivity↑, Tumor cells have enhanced vulnerability to ROS damage as they exhibit lower expression of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase, catalase, and gluthatione peroxidase compared to that of normal cells
TumCCA↑, G2/M, decreased survivin
survivin↓,
BAX↑, Increased Bax, activation of caspase 3,8,9
Decreased Bc12, Cdc25B, cyclin B1, NF-κB
Casp3↓,
Casp8↑,
Casp9↑,
CDC25↓,
CycB/CCNB1↓,
NF-kB↓,
cycD1/CCND1↓, decreased cyclin D, E, CDK2-4, E2F1 Increased Cip 1/p21, Kip 1/p27
cycE/CCNE↓,
E2Fs↓,
P21↑,
p27↑,
ADP:ATP↑, Increased poly ADP-ribose polymerase
Decreased MDM2
MDM2↓,
VEGF↓, Decreased VEGF
IL8↓, Decreased NF-κB DNA binding [74, 76] IL-8, COX2, MMP9
COX2↓,
MMP9↓,
ER Stress↓, ER stress, degradation of c-MYC
cMyc↓,
GRP78/BiP↑, Increased GRP78
DNAdam↑, DNA damage
AP-1↓, Decreased NF-κB, AP-1, Decreased activation of MMP2, MMP9, Decreased PKC α/Raf/ERK and JNK
MMP2↓,
PKCδ↓,
Raf↓,
ERK↓,
JNK↓,
PCNA↓, G2, decreased PCNA, cyclin B1, D1, E1 [82] CDK2-4, E2F1, DNA-PK, DNA-topo1, JNK VEGF
CDK2↓,
CDK4↓,
TOP2↓, Inhibition of topoisomerase II a
uPA↓, Decreased MMP2, transactivation of AP-1 [56, 88] NF-κB uPA promoter [88] MMP7
MMP7↓,
TIMP2↑, Increased TIMP2, Cdc42, E cadherin
Cdc42↑,
E-cadherin↑,
*Half-Life↝, Artemisinin was found to induce its own metabolism with a mean induction time of 1.9 h, whereas the enzyme elimination half-life was estimated to 37.9 h.
BioAv↝, Artemisinin produces a rapid onset of enzyme induction, resulting in a decrease in its own bioavailability over time.
*Half-Life↓, Plasma artemisinin concentrations reach a peak within 2–3 h after oral intake and decline with a short half-life of 1.5–2 h
BioAv↑, Artemisinin is believed to pass through the gut membrane relatively easily [3, 4], although high oral clearance values are indicative of high first-pass metabolism of the compound, resulting in low bioavailability
*Dose↝, either a daily single dose of 500 mg oral artemisinin for 5 days, or single oral doses of 100/100/250/250/500 mg on each of the first 5 days.
*BioAv↓, Because the parent drug of artemisinin is poorly soluble in water or oil, the carbonyl group of artemisinin was reduced to obtain DHA
*Half-Life↓, artemisinins also have a very short elimination half-life (∼1 h)
*toxicity↓, Artemisinin and its derivatives are generally safe and well-tolerated.
*ROS↑, Artemisinins are considered prodrugs that are activated to generate carbon-centered free radicals or reactive oxygen species (ROS).
GSH↓, earlier studies suggest that artemisinins modulate parasite oxidative stress and reduce the levels of antioxidants and glutathione (GSH) in the parasite
selectivity↑, Many publications corroborate the essence of iron-dependent bioactivation
*COX1↓, Aspirin is the acetate ester of salicylic acid and acts by binding irreversibly to cyclooxygenase-1 and cyclooxygenases-2
*COX2↓,
*cardioP↑, Aspirin is consumed most often at low-doses for cardio-protection and at higher doses as an analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory agents.
*BioAv↑, Orally ingested aspirin is absorbed rapidly and the peak concentration is reached in about 1 hour.
*BioAv↝, a rise in pH also increases the solubility of aspirin and thus the dissolution of the tablets and the presence of food delays absorption of aspirin.
*Half-Life↓, The elimination half-life of aspirin in plasma is about 20 min
Risk↓, Patients who received 100 mg daily of aspirin had reduced risks of colorectal cancer and gastric cancer and an increased risk of gastrointestinal bleeding [6].
*other↑, Low-dose of aspirin treatment significantly improves ovarian responsiveness, uterine and ovarian blood flow velocity, and pregnancy-rates in women undergoing in-vitro fertilization [19].
*AntiAg↑, antiplatelet effect of aspirin [13],
Risk↓, dramatically reduced incidence of cancer in individuals taking daily low-dose aspirin [1–7],
*Inflam↓, Aspirin, like the vast majority of NSAIDs, is thought to exert its anti-inflammatory effects through inhibition of cyclooxygenase enzymes (COX enzymes) that regulate the production of prostaglandins.
*COX1↓,
*AntiAg↑, spirin acts to blunt a variety of pro-inflammatory responses, including the canonical inflammatory response [9–11], production of a defensive mucosal lining [12], and platelet aggregation [13, 14].
*Half-Life↓, The half-life of aspirin in the bloodstream was previously shown to be 13–19 min with a non-enzymatic hydrolysis rate of 0.023 min−1 at 37 °C in individuals given a single oral administration of aspirin.
*BioAv↑, Approximately 70% of aspirin reaches the peripheral circulation intact with maximum serum concentrations observed at 25 min after administration.
COX1↓, Here we show that inhibitors of cyclooxygenase 1 (COX-1), including aspirin, enhance immunity to cancer metastasis by releasing T cells from suppression by platelet-derived thromboxane A2 (TXA2).
TumMeta↓, Moreover, low-dose (75–300 mg) aspirin treatment is associated with a reduction in the rate of cancer death in individuals without metastasis at the time of cancer diagnosis
*Half-Life↓, Aspirin has a short half-life (around 20 min), such that only frequent high doses of aspirin can achieve sustained pharmacological inhibition of COX-1 and COX-2 in nucleated cells
*COX2↓, Aspirin can inhibit both COX-1 and COX-2
*TXA2↓, suppression by platelet-derived thromboxane A2 (TXA2).
*BioAv↝, The oral bioavailability was determined to be 32.4 ± 4.8% based on intravenous (5 mg/kg) and oral (10 mg/kg) administrations of WA in male rats.
*other↝, he in vitro results showed that WA could be easily transported across Caco-2 cells and WA did not show as a substrate for P-glycoprotein.
*Half-Life↓, and in liver microsomes (rapid depletion, with a half-life of 5.6 min). WA was further verified by rat intestine-liver in situ perfusion, revealing that WA rapidly decreased and 27.1% remained within 1 h,
Apoptosis↑, Mechanistically, they modulate interconnected signaling cascades governing apoptosis, inflammation, and cell cycle control, and they enhance tumor sensitivity to chemotherapy and radiotherapy.
Inflam↓,
TumCCA↑,
ChemoSen↑,
RadioS↑,
TumCG↓, In-vivo models consistently demonstrate tumor growth inhibition, while clinical data suggest a favorable safety profile, even at relatively high oral doses.
toxicity↓,
BioAv↓, their clinical translation remains hampered by limited solubility, poor oral bioavailability, and rapid metabolism,
Half-Life↓, However, baicalein showed a partial bioavailability, poor solubility and pharmacokinetics, and a short half-life [6]
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BioAv↓, major limitation of the compound includes poor bioavailability at the tumor site due to short plasma half-life.
Half-Life↓, Though BBM is a potent drug but its half-life in blood plasma is very short, owing to its quick renal clearance
eff↑, cellular experiments demonstrated enhanced therapeutic efficacy of BBM-NPs in inhibiting metastasis, cell proliferation and growth as compared to native BBM in highly metastatic cancer cell lines.
TumMeta↓,
TumCP↓,
TumCG↓,
Apoptosis↑, BBM shows its anticancer activity by induction of apoptosis, cell cycle arrest16 and reversing multidrug resistance17.
TumCCA↑,
MMP2↓, activation of MMP-2 &MMP-9 was suppressed effectively by BBM-NPs treated cells as compared to native BBM in both the cell lines
MMP9↓,
VEGF↓, the VEGF expression is lower in BBM-NPs treated case than that of native counterparts
Bcl-2↓, moderate down regulation of anti-apoptotic protein BCL-2 in BBM-NPs treated cells than that of native BBM treated case in both A549 and MDA-MB-231 cells
eff↑, BBM-NPs may be due to the enhanced accumulation of drug at the tumor site with sustained release phenomenon
EPR↑, The higher effectiveness of BBM-NPs may be attributed to the enhanced accretion of nanoparticulate drug at the tumor site with sustained release over a period of time, due to EPR effect
*BioAv↝, The chemical compound salt form of Ber includes hydrochloride, sulfate, and phosphate with various water solubilities. For example, hydrochloride salt is less soluble in water, whereas sulfate and phosphate salts are relatively water-soluble.
*BioAv↝, Meanwhile, chloride or sulfate of Ber is commonly used as an over-the-counter (OTC), orally administered drug for clinical purposes
*BioAv↝, After oral administration, Ber is transformed into different phase I metabolites, including berberrubine, thalifendine, demethyleneberberine, and jatrorrhizine, in the liver by cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYPs)
*Half-Life↓, A rapid elimination half-life about 0.22h has been observed in plasma, whereas a slow elimination half-life about 12h in the hippocampus was observed after intravenous administration in rats.
*BioAv↓, clinical use of berberine has been limited due to its poor intestinal absorption, low bioavailability and limited penetration.
*Half-Life↓, t1/2, Cmax and AUC observed in healthy human male volunteers after single dose administration of 300 mg orally and their values have been reported to be 0.87 ± 0.03 h, 394.7 ± 155.4 µg/L and 2799.0 ± 1128.5 µg/L respectively
*neuroP↑, neuroprotective action have been investigated determining enhanced blood brain barrier (BBB) penetrability
BBB↑,
toxicity↓, These also dole out in low cost, seldom side effects and easy availability.
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Apoptosis↑, Biochanin A induced dose-dependent apoptosis, as evidenced by caspase-7 activation and PARP1 cleavage.
Casp7↑,
PARP1↑,
Bcl-2↓, Biochanin A downregulated oncogenes such as RUNX1, BCL2, and MYC while upregulating CHOP (GADD153), CDKN1A (p21), and SQSTM1 (p62), contributing to apoptosis and cell cycle arrest across both cell lines.
Myc↓,
CHOP↑,
P21↑,
p62↑,
TumCCA↑,
TXNIP↑, In contrast, in U937 cells, Biochanin A upregulated TXNIP and downregulated CCND2, highlighting the involvement of oxidative stress and G1/S cell cycle arrest.
ROS↑,
*antiOx↑, Biochanin A exhibits a broad spectrum of biological activities, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, estrogenic, metabolic regulatory, neuroprotective, and anticancer effects [1].
*Inflam↓,
*neuroP↑,
AntiCan↑,
TumCP↓, The anticancer mechanisms of Biochanin A involve the inhibition of cell proliferation via the modulation of cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases
angioG↓, inhibition of angiogenesis and metastasis through downregulation of VEGF and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), and activation of apoptosis
TumMeta↓,
VEGF↓,
MMPs↓,
tumCV↓, Biochanin A significantly inhibited cell viability at concentrations ≥100 μM in U937 cells and ≥50 μM in THP-1 cells
DNAdam↑, Biochanin A induces a DNA damage response
CHOP↑, In our study, we observed a significant induction of CHOP protein expression following treatment with Biochanin A at concentrations of 100 μM and 200 μM.
cMyc↓, Biochanin A inhibited c-Myc protein expression in U937 and THP-1 cells
BioAv↓, Biochanin A remains limited due to its poor aqueous solubility and rapid systemic clearance, which render the 100–200 μM concentrations used in this study difficult to achieve in vivo
Half-Life↓,
BioAv↑, PEG-NLC formulations have been shown to significantly increase the plasma half-life and bioavailability of flavonoids
BioAv↓, Despite the pharmacological activity of BA, it has been associated with some drawbacks, such as poor aqueous solubility and short half-life in vivo, which limit therapeutic application.
Half-Life↓,
BioAv↑, enhancing BA's aqueous solubility, half-life, and efficacy by using nanoscale drug delivery systems.
Half-Life↑,
*Inflam↓, profound application as a traditional remedy for various ailments, especially inflammatory diseases including asthma, arthritis, cerebral edema, chronic pain syndrome, chronic bowel diseases, cancer
AntiCan↑,
*MAPK↑, 11-keto-BAs can stimulate Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) and mobilize the intracellular Ca(2+) that are important for the activation of human polymorphonuclear leucocytes (PMNL)
*Ca+2↝,
p‑ERK↓, AKBA prohibited the phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase-1 and -2 (Erk-1/2) and impaired the motility of meningioma cells stimulated with platelet-derived growth factor BB
TumCI↓,
cycD1/CCND1↓, In the case of colon cancer, BA treatment on HCT-116 cells led to a decrease in cyclin D, cyclin E, and Cyclin-dependent kinases such as CDK2 and CDK4, along with significant reduction in phosphorylated Rb (pRb)
cycE/CCNE↓,
CDK2↓,
CDK4↓,
p‑RB1↓,
*NF-kB↓, convey inhibition of NF-kappaB and subsequent down-regulation of TNF-alpha expression in activated human monocytes
*TNF-α↓,
NF-kB↓, PC-3 prostate cancer cells in vitro and in vivo by inhibiting constitutively activated NF-kappaB signaling by intercepting the activity of IkappaB kinase (IKK
IKKα↓,
MCP1↓, LPS-challenged ApoE-/- mice via inhibition of NF-κB and down regulation of MCP-1, MCP-3, IL-1alpha, MIP-2, VEGF, and TF
IL1α↓,
MIP2↓,
VEGF↓,
Tf↓,
COX2↓, pancreatic cancer cell lines, AKBA inhibited the constitutive expression of NF-kB and caused suppression of NF-kB regulated genes such as COX-2, MMP-9, CXCR4, and VEGF
MMP9↓,
CXCR4↓,
VEGF↓,
eff↑, AKBA and aspirin revealed that AKBA has higher potential via modulation of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway, and NF-kB/COX-2 pathway in adenomatous polyps
PPARα↓, AKBA is also responsible for down-regulation of PPAR-alpha and C/EBP-alpha in a dose and temporal dependent manner in mature adipocytes, ultimately leading to pparlipolysis
lipid-P?,
STAT3↓, activation of STAT-3 in human MM cells could be inhibited by AKBA
TOP1↓, (PKBA; a semisynthetic analogue of 11-keto-β-boswellic acid), had been reported to influence the activity of topoisomerase I & II,
TOP2↑,
5HT↓, (5-LO), responsible for catalyzing the synthesis of leukotrienes from arachidonic acid and human leucocyte elastase (HLE), and serine proteases involved in several inflammatory processes, is considered to be a potent molecular target of BA derivative
p‑PDGFR-BB↓, BA up-regulates SHP-1 with subsequent dephosphorylation of PDGFR-β and downregulation of PDGF-dependent signaling after PDGF stimulation, thereby exerting an anti-proliferative effect on HSCs hepatic stellate cells
PDGF↓,
AR↓, AKBA targets different receptors that include androgen receptor (AR), death receptor 5 (DR5), and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2), and leads to the inhibition of proliferation of prostate cancer cells
DR5↑, induced expression of DR4 and DR5.
angioG↓, via apoptosis induction and suppression of angiogenesis
DR4↑,
Casp3↑, AKBA resulted in activation of caspase-3 and caspase-8, and initiation of poly (ADP) ribose polymerase (PARP) cleavage.
Casp8↑,
cl‑PARP↑,
eff↑, AKBA was preincubated with LY294002 or wortmannin (inhibitors of PI3K), it caused a significant enhancement of apoptosis in HT-29 cells
chemoPv↑, chemopreventive response of AKBA was estimated against intestinal adenomatous polyposis through the inhibition of the Wnt/β-catenin and NF-κB/cyclooxygenase-2 signaling pathway
Wnt↓,
β-catenin/ZEB1↓,
ascitic↓, AKBA by the suppression of ascites,
Let-7↑, AKBA could up-regulate the expression of let-7 and miR-200
miR-200b↑,
eff↑, anti-tumorigenic effects of curcumin and AKBA on the regulation of specific cancer-related miRNAs in colorectal cancer cells, and confirmed their protective action
MMP1↓, . It can inhibit the expression of MMP-1, MMP-2, and MMP-9 mRNAs along with secretions of TNF-α and IL-1β in THP-1 cells.
MMP2↓,
eff↑, combined administration of metformin, an anti-diabetic drug, and boswellic acid nanoparticles exhibited significant synergism through the inhibition of MiaPaCa-2
pancreatic cancer cell proliferation
BioAv↓, BA as a therapeutic drug is its poor bioavailability
BioAv↑, administration of BSE-018 concomitantly with a high-fat meal led to several-fold increased areas under the plasma
concentration-time curves as well as peak concentrations of beta-boswellic acid (betaBA)
Half-Life↓, drug needs to be given orally at the interval of six hours due to its calculated half- life, which was around 6 hrs.
toxicity↓, BSE has been found to be a safe drug without any adverse side reactions, and is well tolerated on oral administration.
Dose↑, Boswellia serrata extract to the maximum amount of 4200 mg/day is not toxic and it is safe to use though it shows poor bioavailability
BioAv↑, Approaches like lecithin delivery form (Phytosome®), nanoparticle delivery systems like liposomes, emulsions, solid lipid nanoparticles, nanostructured lipid carriers, micelles and poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) nanoparticles
ChemoSen↑, Like any other natural products BA can also be effective as chemosensitizer
*neuroP↑, (AKBA) that possess potent anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective properties in AD
*Inflam↓,
*AChE↓, inhibiting the acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity in the cholinergic pathway and improve choline levels
*Choline↑,
*NRF2↑, BAs modulate key molecular targets and signalling pathways like 5-lipoxygenase/cyclooxygenase, Nrf2, NF-kB, cholinergic, amyloid-beta (Aβ), and neurofibrillary tangles formation (NFTs) that are involved in AD
*NF-kB↑,
*BBB↑, AKBA has efficiently abled to cross the blood brain barrier (BBB)
*BioAv↑, bioavailability of AKBA was significantly higher in case of sublingual route when compared to intranasal administration, as demonstrated by area under curves (AUCs) analysis
*Half-Life↓, half-life of the drug was about six hours and peak plasma levels of the drug reach 30 hrs after oral administration of 333 mg of BSE.
*Dose↝, drug needs to be administered at a dosing interval of 6 hrs
*PGE2↓, BAs possessed anti-inflammatory activity by inhibiting microsomal prostaglandin E2 synthase-1 (mPGES1)
*ROS↓, prevented oxidative stress-induced neuronal damage and cognitive impairment because of the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-glutamatergic effects
*cognitive↑,
*antiOx↑,
5LO↓, AKBA significantly reduced pro-inflammatory mediators such as 5-LOX, TNF-α, IL-6 levels and improve cognition
*TNF-α↓,
*IL6↓,
*HO-1↑, AKBA shows neuroprotective effects against ischaemic injury via nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)/heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) cascade activation
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*AntiCan↑, Emerging studies show that it displays potent anti-tumor activity in several human cancers.
*TRPV1↑, The “heat-sensation” of capsaicin arises due to the binding of capsaicin to transient receptor potential vanilloid (TRPV) ion-channel receptors
*cardioP↑, some of the biological activities of capsaicin, like its anti-neoplastic, cardioprotective effects, have been found to be independent of the TRPV1 receptor.
AntiCan↓, Exposure to high doses of capsaicin (above 100 mg capsaicin per kg body weight) for a prolonged time causes peptic ulcers, accelerates the development of prostate, stomach, duodenal, and liver cancers and enhances breast cancer metastasis [5, 6].
Apoptosis↑, Capsaicin induces robust apoptosis in multiple types of human cancer cells both in vitro and in mice models.
ChemoSen↑, Capsaicin potentiates the apoptotic activity of cisplatin in human stomach cancer and attenuates cisplatin-induced renal toxicity in rodent models
*Inflam↓, oral or local administration of capsaicin reduces inflammation and pain from rheumatoid arthritis, fibromyalgia and chemical hyperalgesia
*Pain↓,
*AntiAg↑, The anti-platelet and anti-coagulant activity of capsaicin was independent of TRPV1
*Weight↓, capsaicinoids show anti-obesity activity by enhancing energy expenditure of the body
*BioAv↑, Capsaicin is robustly absorbed from the skin upon topical administration [4]
BioAv↑, capsaicin is rapidly absorbed from the stomach and the intestine following oral administration.
Half-Life↝, The liver and kidney displayed maximal amounts of capsaicin in 3 hours and 6 hours, respectively.
Half-Life↓, An interesting fact to note is that the bioavailability and half-life of capsaicin is quite low in the plasma, irrespective of the route of administration.
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*BBB↓, crosses the blood–brain barrier, alters neurotransmitter levels, and accumulates in brain regions involved in cognition.
*GutMicro↑, capsaicin appears to undergo microbial transformation and influences gut microbial composition, favoring short-chain fatty acid producers and suppressing pro-inflammatory taxa. often favoring the growth of beneficial taxa such as Ruminococcaceae, Lac
Obesity↓, These changes contribute to anti-obesity, anti-inflammatory, and potentially anticancer effects
*Inflam↓,
*AntiCan↑,
*TRPV1↑, Capsaicin is a potent agonist perceived by TRPV1, a transmembrane cation channel that functions with Ca2+.
*Ca+2↑, causes an increase in Ca2+ flux,
*antiOx↑, Capsaicin is a bioactive compound of chili peppers responsible for their spicy flavor, which also shows antioxidant, anti-obesity, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, anticarcinogenic, and cardioprotective effects
*cardioP↑,
*BioAv↓, capsaicin exhibits low systemic bioavailability due to its rapid metabolism in the liver and other tissues, resulting in a short plasma half-life of approximately 25 min in humans
*Half-Life↓,
*BioAv↝, Capsaicin’s bioavailability is determined by multiple interrelated factors, including its physicochemical properties, metabolic transformations, route of administration, and the biological context of the host, including gut microbiota composition.
*BioAv↑, For instance, polymeric micelles, liposomes, and hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin complexes have demonstrated the capacity to enhance capsaicin’s oral bioavailability, prolong its plasma half-life, and improve therapeutic consistency
*neuroP↑, capsaicin exposure alters glutamate, GABA, and serotonin levels in distinct brain regions, with potential implications for neuroprotection, mood regulation, and energy metabolism.
Apoptosis↑, apoptosis is the main mechanism by which capsaicin induces cell death in cancer cells.
p38↑, capsaicin triggers a calcium flux within the cell via TRPV1, activating the p38 pathway.
ROS↑, As a result, reactive oxygen species (ROS) are produced, along with depolarization of the mitochondrial membrane potential and opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore.
MMP↓,
MPT↑,
Cyt‑c↑, Consequently, cytochrome c is released, the apoptosome is assembled, and caspases are activated, ultimately leading to cell death
Casp↑,
TRIB3↑, capsaicin enhances TRIB3 gene expression, which allowed an increase in the antiproliferative and proapoptotic effects of TRIB3 in cancer cells
NADH↓, Capsaicin has also been seen to downregulate and inhibit tumor-associated NADH oxidase (tNOX) and Sirtuin1 (SIRT1) in multiple cancer cell lines such as bladder cancer, which led to reduced cell growth and migration
SIRT1↓,
TumCG↓,
TumCMig↓,
TOP1↓, pointing out that capsaicin had an inhibitory effect on topoisomerases I and II, causing a reduction in metabolic activity and proliferation of a human colon cancer cell line
TOP2↓,
β-catenin/ZEB1↓, with capsaicin, the β-catenin transcription gets downregulated
*ROS↓, Capsaicin has also been proven to alleviate redox imbalance or oxidative stress, thanks to its antioxidative activity.
*Aβ↓, Alsheimer’s disease, attenuating neurodegeneration in mice by reducing amyloid-beta levels via the promotion of non-amyloidogenic processing of amyloid precursor protein
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Obesity↓, Capsaicin can also promote weight loss, making it potentially useful for treating obesity.
Half-Life↓, The clinical usefulness of capsaicin is limited by its short half-life.
antiOx↑, Capsaicin exerts analgesic, antioxidant, cardioprotective, anticancer and thermogenic effects, and it can promote weight loss
TRPV1↑, (TRPV1), to which capsaicin binds specifically.
STAT3↓, capsaicin may inhibit signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), but the minimal concentration needed to inhibit STAT3 (50 M) is substantially higher than the concentration required to stimulate TRPV1 (1–5 M)
Ca+2↑, mechanisms appear to involve accumulation of intracellular Ca2+, generation of reactive oxygen species, disruption of mitochondrial membrane potential and upregulation of the transcription factors NF-κB and STATS.
ROS↑,
MMP↓,
*neuroP↑, Capsaicin has demonstrated therapeutic potential in several animal models of Alzheimer's disease (AD).
*tau↓, capsaicin substantially ameliorated synaptic damage and tau hyperphosphorylation induced by cold water stress.
*Inflam↓, capsaicin appeared to activate TRPV1 in M1/M2 dopaminergic neurons, which may alleviate neuro-inflammation and oxidative stress from activated glia
*ROS?,
*BioAv↝, The inconsistency between catechins’ superior in vitro biological activity and low absorption in in vivo studies can also be attributed to its low stability,
*BioAv↓, Even if administered intravenously, catechins were partially degraded before reaching the target tissues
*ROS⇅, Tea polyphenols are antioxidants, but they can also generate reactive oxygen species (ROS).
*NRF2↑, may also activates nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) to activate antioxidant and detoxifying enzymes
*BioAv↑, Many studies showed promising EGCG-loaded nano-carriers with sustained release and improved bioavailability even at much lower doses than conventional preparations.
*Half-Life↓, Although the half-life period of EGCG (5.0–5.5 h) is about two times longer than that of EGC or EC (2.5–3.4 h), it is still too short to exert clinical effect.
*BioAv↑, Catechins + Ascorbic acid (and sucrose or xylitol): Improving catechins bioavailability by enhancing bioaccessibility and intestinal uptake.
*BioAv↑, Piperine Increasing EGCG bioavailability by inhibiting glucuronidation and gastrointestinal transit.
BioAv↑, Caffeine Enhancing the absorption of EGCG in humans.
TumCCA↑, CGA exerts potent anticancer effects through immunomodulation, induction of programmed cell death (PCD), cell cycle regulation, inhibition of tumor invasion and metastasis, suppression of angiogenesis, modulation of oxidative stress,
TumCI↓,
TumMeta↓,
angioG↓,
ROS↑, CGA exerts pro-oxidant effects within tumor cells in a concentration-dependent manner.
ChemoSen↑, and enhancement of chemotherapy efficacy. Boosting Chemotherapy Effectiveness of CGA
BioAv↓, its clinical applicability is often limited by its pharmacokinetic properties, including poor lipophilicity, low permeability, short half-life, and low oral bioavailability.
Half-Life↓,
PI3K↓, CGA suppresses the PI3K/Akt/mTOR cascade, increasing the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio and triggering apoptosis
Akt↓,
mTOR↓,
Apoptosis↑,
NOTCH↓, In non–small-cell lung cancer, it suppresses Notch pathway activity to induce apoptosis
Hif1a↓, CGA inhibits angiogenesis both in vitro and in vivo by suppressing HIF-1α expression and Akt phosphorylation, leading to reduced VEGF secretion
VEGF↓,
Casp3↑, In leukemia cells (U937, CML), CGA triggers caspase-3 activation, mitochondrial depolarization, and Bcr-Abl phosphorylation downregulation, culminating in apoptosis
MMP↓,
Ferroptosis↑, enhance bioavailability and sustain ROS generation, promoting ferroptosis in lymphoma and other malignancies [
ATP↓, combination of caffeine and CGA regulates mitochondrial function and ATP production, specifically targeting breast cancer mitochondria.
ChemoSen↑, This article will elaborate the potency of CGA as a chemosensitizer in suppressing tumor growth through a metabolic pathway.
AMPK↑, AMPK pathway is the main cell metabolic pathway that is activated by CGA in some studies.
EGFR↓, Moreover, CGA inhibited EGFR/PI3K/mTOR, HIF, VEGF pathways and MAPK/ERK pathway that may suppress tumor cell growth.
PI3K↓,
mTOR↓,
Hif1a↓, CGA Inhibits HIF-1α/AKT Pathway
VEGF↓,
MAPK↓,
ERK↓,
DNAdam↑, CGA induced intracellular DNA damage and topoisomerase I- and II-DNA complexes formation that plays a key role in apoptosis.
TOP1↓, Topoisomerase inhibitor, known as cancer killer drug, works by inducing topoisomerase-mediated DNA damage
TOP2↓,
Apoptosis↑,
*BioAv↝, Around 70% of CGA is absorbed in small intestine and colon. CGA is relatively stable in saliva and gastric acid.
*Half-Life↓, most circulating CGA is eliminated quickly from the circulatory system with half-time of 0.3 to 1.9 hours and Tmax of 0.6 to 1 hour.
PI3K↓, It can block Phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B/mammalian target of rapamycin (PI3K/AKT/mTOR) and Mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (MAPK/ERK) signaling in different animals against various cancers
Akt↓,
mTOR↓,
MMP9↑, Chrysin strongly suppresses Matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), Urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) and Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), i.e. factors that can cause cancer
uPA↓,
VEGF↓,
AR↓, Chrysin has the ability to suppress the androgen receptor (AR), a protein necessary for prostate cancer development and metastasis
Casp↑, starts the caspase cascade and blocks protein synthesis to kill lung cancer cells
TumMeta↓, Chrysin significantly decreased lung cancer metastasis i
TumCCA↑, Chrysin induces apoptosis and stops colon cancer cells in the G2/M cell cycle phase
angioG↓, Chrysin prevents tumor growth and cancer spread by blocking blood vessel expansion
BioAv↓, Chrysin’s solubility, accessibility and bioavailability may limit its medical use.
*hepatoP↑, As chrysin reduced oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation in rat liver cells exposed to a toxic chemical agent.
*neuroP↑, Protecting the brain against oxidative stress (GPx) may be aided by increasing levels of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx).
*SOD↑,
*GPx↑,
*ROS↓, A decrease in oxidative stress and an increase in antioxidant capacity may result from chrysin’s anti-inflammatory properties
*Inflam↓,
*Catalase↑, Supplementation with chrysin increased the activity of antioxidant enzymes like SOD and catalase and reduced the levels of oxidative stress markers like malondialdehyde (MDA) in the colon tissue of the rats.
*MDA↓, Antioxidant enzyme activity (SOD, CAT) and oxidative stress marker (MDA) levels were both enhanced by chrysin supplementation in mouse liver tissue
ROS↓, reduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and oxidative stress markers in the cancer cells further indicated the antioxidant activity of chrysin
BBB↑, After crossing the blood-brain barrier, it has been shown to accumulate there
Half-Life↓, The half-life of chrysin in rats is predicted to be close to 2 hours.
BioAv↑, Taking chrysin with food may increase the effectiveness of the supplement: increased by a factor of 1.8 when taken with a high-fat meal
ROS↑, In contrast to 5-FU/oxaliplatin, chrysin increases the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which in turn causes autophagy by stopping Akt and mTOR from doing their jobs
eff↑, mixture of chrysin and cisplatin caused the SCC-25 and CAL-27 cell lines to make more oxygen free radicals. After treatment with chrysin, cisplatin, or both, the amount of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was found to have gone up.
ROS↑, When reactive oxygen species (ROS) and calcium levels in the cytoplasm rise because of chrysin, OC cells die.
ROS↑, chrysin is the cause of death in both types of prostate cancer cells. It does this by depolarizing mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), making reactive oxygen species (ROS), and starting lipid peroxidation.
lipid-P↑,
ER Stress↑, when chrysin is present in DU145 and PC-3 cells, the expression of a group of proteins that control ER stress goes up
NOTCH1↑, Chrysin increased the production of Notch 1 and hairy/enhancer of split 1 at the protein and mRNA levels, which stopped cells from dividing
NRF2↓, Not only did chrysin stop Nrf2 and the genes it controls from working, but it also caused MCF-7 breast cancer cells to die via apoptosis.
p‑FAK↓, After 48 hours of treatment with chrysin at amounts between 5 and 15 millimoles, p-FAK and RhoA were greatly lowered
Rho↓,
PCNA↓, Lung histology and immunoblotting studies of PCNA, COX-2, and NF-B showed that adding chrysin stopped the production of these proteins and maintained the balance of cells
COX2↓,
NF-kB↓,
PDK1↓, After the chrysin was injected, the genes PDK1, PDK3, and GLUT1 that are involved in glycolysis had less expression
PDK3↑,
GLUT1↓,
Glycolysis↓, chrysin stops glycolysis
mt-ATP↓, chrysin inhibits complex II and ATPases in the mitochondria of cancer cells
Ki-67↓, the amounts of Ki-67, which is a sign of growth, and c-Myc in the tumor tissues went down
cMyc↓,
ROCK1↓, (ROCK1), transgelin 2 (TAGLN2), and FCH and Mu domain containing endocytic adaptor 2 (FCHO2) were much lower.
TOP1↓, DNA topoisomerases and histone deacetylase were inhibited, along with the synthesis of the pro-inflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) and (IL-1 beta), while the activity of protective signaling pathways was increased
TNF-α↓,
IL1β↓,
CycB/CCNB1↓, Chrysin suppressed cyclin B1 and CDK2 production in order to stop cancerous growth.
CDK2↓,
EMT↓, chrysin treatment can also stop EMT
STAT3↓, chrysin block the STAT3 and NF-B pathways, but it also greatly reduced PD-L1 production both in vivo and in vitro.
PD-L1↓,
IL2↑, chrysin increases both the rate of T cell growth and the amount of IL-2
*antiOx↑, Curcumin demonstrates strong antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, contributing to its ability to neutralize free radicals and inhibit inflammatory mediators
*Inflam↑,
*ROS↓,
Apoptosis↑, Its anticancer effects are mediated by inducing apoptosis, inhibiting cell proliferation, and interfering with tumor growth pathways in various colon, pancreatic, and breast cancers
TumCP↓,
BioAv↓, application is limited by its poor bioavailability due to its rapid metabolism and low absorption.
Half-Life↓,
eff↑, curcumin-loaded hydrogels and nanoparticles, have shown promise in improving curcumin bioavailability and therapeutic efficacy.
TumCCA↑, Studies have demonstrated that curcumin can suppress the proliferation of cancer cells by interfering with the cell cycle [21,22]
BAX↑, Curcumin enhances the expression of pro-apoptotic proteins such as Bax, Bak, PUMA, Bim, and Noxa and death receptors such as TRAIL-R1/DR4 and TRAIL-R2/DR5
Bak↑,
PUMA↑,
BIM↑,
NOXA↑,
TRAIL↑,
Bcl-2↓, curcumin decreases the levels of anti-apoptotic proteins like Bcl-2, Bcl-XL, survin, and XIAP
Bcl-xL↓,
survivin↓,
XIAP↓,
cMyc↓, This shift in the balance of apoptotic regulators facilitates the release of cytochrome c from mitochondria [33,35] and activates caspases
Casp↑,
NF-kB↓, Curcumin suppresses the activity of key transcription factors like NF-κB, STAT3, and AP-1 and interferes with critical signal transduction pathways such as PI3K/Akt/mTOR and MAPK/ERK.
STAT3↓,
AP-1↓,
angioG↓, curcumin inhibits angiogenesis and metastasis by downregulating VEGF, VEGFR2, and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs).
TumMeta↑,
VEGF↓,
MMPs↓,
DNMTs↓, Epigenetic modifications through the inhibition of DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs) and histone deacetylases (HDACs) further contribute to its anticancer properties.
HDAC↓,
ROS↑, curcumin-loaded nanoparticles showed significant cytotoxicity in the SCC25, MDA-MB-231, and A549 cell lines, with a decrease in tumor cell proliferation, an increase in ROS, and an increase in apoptosis.
Apoptosis↑, Disulfiram (DSF), as an anti-alcoholic drug, kills the cancer cells by inducing apoptosis
tumCV↑, DSF was associated with enhanced apoptosis and tumor inhibition rates,
eff↑, The greatest anti-tumor activity was observed when DSF was used as combination therapy or as a nanoparticle-encapsulated molecule
toxicity↓, noticeable body weight loss after DSF treatment, which indicated that there was no major toxicity of DSF.
antiNeop↑, antineoplastic activity of DSF was first recorded in 1977
ChemoSen↑, The synergistic effect of Cis, DOX, TMZ, PTX, Gy, and DSF in induced apoptosis was significantly higher than that of DSF or Cis or DOX or TMZ or Gy alone
RadioS↑, Tumor cell growth was significantly inhibited when DSF, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy were used simultaneously, as shown in the examined in vivo studies
OS↑, All three studies show that DSF is safe and seems to prolong survival of cancer patients
ROS↑, Metabolites of DSF chelate with metal ions, leading to alterations in the intracellular levels of metal ions, enhancement of oxidative stress, inhibition of the activities of superoxide dismutase or matrix metalloproteinases,
SOD↓,
MMP1↓,
eff↑, observation that the combination of DSF with metal ions (Cu, Ag) leads to enhanced anticancer effectiveness is in accordance with the observations of in vitro and animal experiments
Half-Life↓, At the pH of 7.4, the half-life of DSF is 1–1.5 min
*antiOx↑, effective antioxidant, anti-inflammatory
*Inflam↓,
neuroP↑, neuro-protective, anti-diabetic, hepato-protective and reno-protective potential.
hepatoP↑,
RenoP↑,
cycD1/CCND1↓, Figure 3
TumCCA↑,
MMPs↓,
VEGF↓,
MAPK↓,
NF-kB↓,
angioG↓,
Beclin-1↑,
LC3s↑,
ATG5↑,
Bcl-2↓,
BAX↑,
Casp↑,
TNF-α↓,
Half-Life↓, Fisetin was given at an effective dosage of 223 mg/kilogram intraperitoneally in mice. The plasma concentration declined biophysically, with a rapid half-life of 0.09 h and a terminal half-life of 3.1 h,
MMP↓, Fisetin powerfully improved apoptotic cells and caused the depolarization of the mitochondrial membrane.
mt-ROS↑, Fisetin played a role in the induction of apoptosis, independently of p53, and increased mitochondrial ROS generation.
cl‑PARP↑, fisetin-induced sub-G1 population as well as PARP cleavage.
CDK2↓, Moreover, the activities of cyclin-dependent kinases (CDK) 2 as well as CDK4 were decreased by fisetin and also inhibited CDK4 activity in a cell-free system, demonstrating that it might directly inhibit the activity of CDK4
CDK4↓,
Cyt‑c↑, Moreover, release of cytochrome c and Smac/Diablo was induced by fisetin
Diablo↑,
DR5↑, Fisetin caused an increase in the protein levels of cleaved caspase-8, DR5, Fas ligand, and TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand
Fas↑,
PCNA↓, Fisetin decreased proliferation-related proteins such as PCNA, Ki67 and phosphorylated histone H3 (p-H3) and decreased the expression of cell growth
Ki-67↓,
p‑H3↓,
chemoP↑, Paclitaxel treatment only showed more toxicity to normal cells than the combination of flavonoids with paclitaxel, suggesting that fisetin might bring some safety against paclitaxel-facilitated cytotoxicity.
Ca+2↑, Fisetin encouraged apoptotic cell death via increased ROS and Ca2+, while it increased caspase-8, -9 and -3 activities and reduced the mitochondrial membrane potential in HSC3 cells.
Dose↝, After fisetin treatment at 40 µM, invasion was reduced by 87.2% and 92.4%, whereas after fisetin treatment at 20 µM, invasion was decreased by 52.4% and 59.4% in SiHa and CaSki cells, respectively
CDC25↓, This study proposes that fisetin caused the arrest of the G2/M cell cycle via deactivating Cdc25c as well Cdc2 via the activation of Chk1, 2 and ATM
CDC2↓,
CHK1↑,
Chk2↑,
ATM↑,
PCK1↓, fisetin decreases the levels of SOS-1, pEGFR, GRB2, PKC, Ras, p-p-38, p-ERK1/2, p-JNK, VEGF, FAK, PI3K, RhoA, p-AKT, uPA, NF-ĸB, MMP-7,-9 and -13, whereas it increases GSK3β as well as E-cadherin in U-2 OS
RAS↓,
p‑p38↓,
Rho↓,
uPA↓,
MMP7↓,
MMP13↓,
GSK‐3β↑,
E-cadherin↑,
survivin↓, whereas those of survivin and BCL-2 were reduced in T98G cells
VEGFR2↓, Fisetin inhibited the VEGFR expression in Y79 cells as well as the angiogenesis of a tumor.
IAP2↓, The downregulation of cIAP-2 by fisetin
STAT3↓, fisetin induced apoptosis in TPC-1 cells via the initiation of oxidative damage and enhanced caspases expression by downregulating STAT3 and JAK 1 signaling
JAK1↓,
mTORC1↓, Fisetin acts as a dual inhibitor of mTORC1/2 signaling,
mTORC2↓,
NRF2↑, Moreover, In JC cells, the Nrf2 expression was gradually increased by fisetin from 8 h to 24 h
*Half-Life↓, Except the thigh muscle required a longer time to saturate, the other organs need 5–10 min to reach Cmax (maximum hydrogen concentration).
*ROS↓, regulate several key players in cancer, including ROS, and certain antioxidant enzymes
*selectivity↑, hydrogen gas could selectively scavenge the most cytotoxic ROS, •OH, as tested in an acute rat model of cerebral ischemia and reperfusion
*SOD↑, the expression of superoxide dismutase (SOD) (48), heme oxyganase-1 (HO-1) (49), as well as nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) (50), increased significantly, strengthening its potential in eliminating ROS.
*HO-1↑,
*NRF2↑,
*chemoP↑, reduce the adverse effects in cancer treatment while at the same time doesn't abrogate the cytotoxicity of other therapy, such as radiotherapy and chemotherapy
*radioP↑,
ROS↑, Interestingly, due the over-produced ROS in cancer cells (38), the administration of hydrogen gas may lower the ROS level at the beginning, but it provokes much more ROS production as a result of compensation effect, leading to the killing of cancer
*Inflam↓, By regulating inflammation, hydrogen gas can prevent tumor formation, progression, as well as reduce the side effects caused by chemotherapy/radiotherapy
eff↑, More importantly, hydrogen-rich water didn't impair the overall anti-tumor effects of gefitinib both in vitro and in vivo, while in contrast, it antagonized the weight loss induced by gefitinib and naphthalene, and enhanced the overall survival rate
*TNF-α↓, hydrogen-rich saline treatment exerted its protective effects via inhibiting the inflammatory TNF-α/IL-6 pathway, increasing the cleaved C8 expression and Bcl-2/Bax ratio, and attenuating cell apoptosis in both heart and liver tissue
*IL6↓,
*cl‑Casp8↑,
*Bax:Bcl2↓,
*Apoptosis↓,
*cardioP↑,
*hepatoP↑,
*RenoP↑, Hydrogen-rich water also showed renal protective effect against cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity in rats.
*chemoP↑, nother study showed that both inhaling hydrogen gas (1% hydrogen in air) and drinking hydrogen-rich water (0.8 mM hydrogen in water) could reverse the mortality, and body-weight loss caused by cisplatin via its anti-oxidant property
eff↝, More importantly, hydrogen didn't impair the anti-tumor activity of cisplatin against cancer cell lines in vitro and in tumor-bearing mice
chemoP↑, hydrogen-rich water combinational treatment group exhibited no differences in liver function during the treatment, probably due to its antioxidant activity, indicating it a promising protective agent to alleviate the mFOLFOX6-related liver injury
radioP↑, consumption of hydrogen-rich water reduced the radiation-induced oxidative stress while at the same time didn't compromise anti-tumor effect of radiotherapy
eff↑, Hydrogen Gas Acts Synergistically With Thermal Therapy
TumCG↓, in vivo study showed that under hydrogen gas treatment, tumor growth was significantly inhibited, as well as the expression of Ki-67, VEGF and SMC3
Ki-67↓,
VEGF↓,
selectivity↑, H2-silica could concentration-dependently inhibit the cell viability of human esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (KYSE-70) cells, while it need higher dose to suppress normal human esophageal epithelial cells (HEEpiCs), indicating its selective profi
TumCCA↑, induction of G0/G1 and G2/M cell cycle arrest
CDK2↓, (via the regulation of cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) and cyclin proteins),
EMT↓, epithelial–mesenchymal transition inhibition via the downregulation of mesenchymal markers
MMPs↓, honokiol possesses the capability to supress cell migration and invasion via the downregulation of several matrix-metalloproteinases
AMPK↑, (activation of 5′ AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and KISS1/KISS1R signalling)
TumCI↓, inhibiting cell migration, invasion, and metastasis, as well as inducing anti-angiogenesis activity (via the down-regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGFR) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)
TumCMig↓,
TumMeta↓,
VEGFR2↓,
*antiOx↑, diverse biological activities, including anti-arrhythmic, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative, anti-depressant, anti-thrombocytic, and anxiolytic activities
*Inflam↓,
*BBB↑, Due to its ability to cross the blood–brain barrier
*neuroP↑, beneficial towards neuronal protection through various mechanism, such as the preservation of Na+/K+ ATPase, phosphorylation of pro-survival factors, preservation of mitochondria, prevention of glucose, reactive oxgen species (ROS), and inflammatory
*ROS↓,
Dose↝, Generally, the concentrations used for the in vitro studies are between 0–150 μM
selectivity↑, Interestingly, honokiol has been shown to exhibit minimal cytotoxicity against on normal cell lines, including human fibroblast FB-1, FB-2, Hs68, and NIH-3T3 cells
Casp3↑, ↑ Caspase-3 & caspase-9
Casp9↑,
NOTCH1↓, Inhibition of Notch signalling: ↓ Notch1 & Jagged-1;
cycD1/CCND1↓, ↓ cyclin D1 & c-Myc;
cMyc↓,
P21?, ↑ p21WAF1 protein
DR5↑, ↑ DR5 & cleaved PARP
cl‑PARP↑,
P53↑, ↑ phosphorylated p53 & p53
Mcl-1↑, ↓ Mcl-1 protein
p65↓, ↓ p65; ↓ NF-κB
NF-kB↓,
ROS↑, ↑ JNK activation ,Increase ROS activity:
JNK↑,
NRF2↑, ↑ Nrf2 & c-Jun protein activation
cJun↑,
EF-1α↓, ↓ EFGR; ↓ MAPK/PI3K pathway activity
MAPK↓,
PI3K↓,
mTORC1↓, ↓ mTORC1 function; ↑ LKB1 & cytosolic localisation
CSCs↓, Inhibit stem-like characteristics: ↓ Oct4, Nanog & Sox4 protein; ↓ STAT3;
OCT4↓,
Nanog↓,
SOX4↓,
STAT3↓,
CDK4↓, ↓ Cdk2, Cdk4 & p-pRbSer780;
p‑RB1↓,
PGE2↓, ↓ PGE2 production ↓ COX-2 ↑ β-catenin
COX2↓,
β-catenin/ZEB1↑,
IKKα↓, ↓ IKKα
HDAC↓, ↓ class I HDAC proteins; ↓ HDAC activity;
HATs↑, ↑ histone acetyltransferase (HAT) activity; ↑ histone H3 & H4
H3↑,
H4↑,
LC3II↑, ↑ LC3-II
c-Raf↓, ↓ c-RAF
SIRT3↑, ↑ Sirt3 mRNA & protein; ↓ Hif-1α protein
Hif1a↓,
ER Stress↑, ↑ ER stress signalling pathway activation; ↑ GRP78,
GRP78/BiP↑,
cl‑CHOP↑, ↑ cleaved caspase-9 & CHOP;
MMP↓, mitochondrial depolarization
PCNA↓, ↓ cyclin B1, cyclin D1, cyclin D2 & PCNA;
Zeb1↓, ↓ ZEB2
Inhibit
NOTCH3↓, ↓ Notch3/Hes1 pathway
CD133↓, ↓ CD133 & Nestin protein
Nestin↓,
ATG5↑, ↑ Atg7 protein activation; ↑ Atg5;
ATG7↑,
survivin↓, ↓ Mcl-1 & survivin protein
ChemoSen↑, honokiol potentiated the apoptotic effect of both doxorubicin and paclitaxel against human liver cancer HepG2 cells.
SOX2↓, Honokiol was shown to downregulate the expression of Oct4, Nanog, and Sox2 which were known to be expressed in osteosarcoma, breast carcinoma and germ cell tumours
OS↑, Lipo-HNK was also shown to prolong survival and induce intra-tumoral apoptosis in vivo.
P-gp↓, Honokiol was shown to downregulate the expression of P-gp at mRNA and protein levels in MCF-7/ADR, a human breast MDR cancer cell line
Half-Life↓, For i.v. administration, it has been found that there was a rapid rate of distribution followed by a slower rate of elimination (elimination half-life t1/2 = 49.22 min and 56.2 min for 5 mg or 10 mg of honokiol, respectively
Half-Life↝, male and female dogs was assessed. The elimination half-life (t1/2 in hours) was found to be 20.13 (female), 9.27 (female), 7.06 (male), 4.70 (male), and 1.89 (male) after administration of doses of 8.8, 19.8, 3.9, 44.4, and 66.7 mg/kg, respectively.
eff↑, Apart from that, epigallocatechin-3-gallate functionalized chitin loaded with honokiol nanoparticles (CE-HK NP), developed by Tang et al. [224], inhibit HepG2
BioAv↓, extensive biotransformation of honokiol may contribute to its low bioavailability.
*antiOx↑, Noticeably effects of hydroxytyrosol: antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antitumour
*Inflam↓,
AntiTum↑,
*BioAv↓, These studies are focused on changing the solubility of HT in order to increase its bioavailability and its plasma half-life (Mateos et al., 2011).
*Half-Life↓,
*BioAv↝, ominguez-Perles, Aunon, Ferreres, & GilIzquierdo in 2017, described that gender is a critical feature for the final bioavailability of HT derivatives, persisting this compound for a longer time in the body of female rats
*BioAv↓, As consequence of its poor bioavailability, there are no studies that determine if the final blood concentration could have toxic effects after the intake of a high concentration of HT, both as pure extract and as part of enriched foods such as EVOO.
TumCP↓, Niclosamide was found to inhibit adrenocortical carcinoma cellular proliferation, which was associated with apoptosis, reduction of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and β-catenin levels.
Apoptosis↑,
EMT↓,
β-catenin/ZEB1↓,
TumCG↓, Oral administration of niclosamide led to tumor growth inhibition with no observed toxicity.
toxicity↓,
Wnt↓, Lu et al. reported that niclosamide inhibits Wnt/β-catenin signaling by promoting Wnt co-receptor LRP6 degradation in breast cancer cells [11].
LRP6↓,
eff↑, niclosamide acts synergistically with a monoclonal antibody that specifically activates TRAIL death receptor 5 to inhibit tumor growth of basal-like breast cancers [12].
DR5↑,
mTORC1↓,
pH↓, Niclosamide lowered the cytoplasmic pH and may indirectly lead to inhibition of mTORC1 signaling [13]
CSCs↓, Niclosamide also was found to prevent the conversion of non-breast cancer stem cells into cancer stem cells
IL6↓, This mechanism is associated with inhibition of the IL6-JAK1-STAT3 signal transduction pathway
JAK1↓,
STAT3↓, Ren et al. identified niclosamide as a potent STAT3 inhibitor able to suppress STAT3 transcriptional activity
ChemoSen↑, niclosamide alone or in combination with cisplatin represses the growth of xenografts of cisplatin-resistant triple-negative breast cancer cells.
TumCG↓, Niclosamide inhibited growth of colon cancer cells from human patients both in vitro and in vivo, regardless of mutations in APC [24].
tumCV↓, niclosamide selectively inhibited glioblastoma cell viability [29]. Detailed mechanism studies revealed that niclosamide suppressed the Wnt, Notch, mTOR, and NF-κB signaling pathways.
NOTCH↓,
NF-kB↓,
EGFR↓, Li et al. reported that inhibition of EGFR by erlotinib, an FDA-approved therapeutic agent, led to activation of STAT3 signaling in head and neck cancer cells
ROS↑, niclosamide inhibits TNF-α-induced NF-κB–dependent reporter activity and increased the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in AML cells.
RadioS↑, niclosamide enhanced radiosensitivity of the non-small cell lung cancer cell line H1299.
cFos↓, inhibit osteosarcoma cell proliferation, migration, and survival. This inhibitory effect is associated with decreased expression of c-Fos, c-Jun. E2F1, and c-Myc.
cJun↓,
E2Fs↓,
cMyc↓,
Half-Life↓, Niclosamide exhibits a short half-life (6.0 ± 0.8 h). Niclosamide was rapidly absorbed with a Tmax of less than 30 min. The Cmax is 354 ± 152 ng/mL.
BioAv↝, AUC and bioavailability were 429 ± 100 and 10%, respectively. In order to make more effective use of niclosamide, additional work needs to be done to improve its solubility, absorption and systemic bioavailability.
*BioAv↓, propolis and its bioactive compounds have poor water solubility, rapid and intense metabolism, and low oral bioavailability, which limits their wide application.
*Half-Life↓,
Apoptosis↑, Its anticancer activities are mediated through several mechanisms, including the induction of apoptosis (programmed cell death), inhibition of cell proliferation, suppression of angiogenesis (formation of new blood vessels that feed tumors), and red
TumCP↓,
angioG↓,
TumMeta↓, reduction of metastasis (spread of cancer cells to new areas).
NF-kB↓, PEITC targets crucial cellular signaling pathways involved in cancer progression, notably the Nuclear Factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB), Protein Kinase B (Akt), and Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase (MAPK) pathways.
Akt↓,
MAPK↓,
*BioAv↓, Isothiocyanates, including PEITC, are thermally labile, meaning they are susceptible to decomposition under heat;
ROS↑, Several studies proved that PEITC could initiate oxidative damage in the mitochondria by increasing the intracellular ROS to a highly toxic level
lipid-P↑, PEITC-induced ROS can cause lipid peroxidation of the mitochondrial membrane and, therefore, the loss of membrane integrity and the production of apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF) and apoptogenic cytochrome c (Cyt c)
AIF↑,
Cyt‑c↑,
DR4↑, PEITC can enhance TRAIL-induced apoptosis by upregulating DR4 and DR5 expression.
DR5↑,
TumCCA↑, Antiproliferative: Cell Cycle Arrest Induction
JAK↓, PEITC can hinder the activation of the JAK-STAT3 pathway,[112] decreasing the expression of MMP2 and MMP9.
STAT3↓,
MMP2↓,
MMP9↓,
PKCδ↓, efficacy of PEITC in inhibiting the protein kinase C (PKC)/MAPK pathway
Hif1a↓, PEITC can inhibit angiogenesis in cancer cells by suppressing the expression of HIF-1α
JNK↓, inhibiting the Akt pathway, activating Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), and downregulating the Mcl-1
Mcl-1↓,
COX2↓, PEITC not only as a direct inhibitor of COX-2
MMP↓, 10 µm of PEITC caused ROS generation and mitochondrial depolarization, leading to the release of Cyt c and apoptosis mediated by activation of caspase-3, indicating that the mitochondrial membrane potential is compromised by ROS generation
Casp3↑,
ChemoSen↑, PEITC can synergize with cisplatin, doxorubicin, docetaxel, fludarabine, paclitaxel, gefitinib, or ionizing radiation to induce more pronounced apoptosis and growth inhibition in cancer than either agent alone
*BioAv↓, its low bioavailability impedes its clinical application as an oncologic treatment. PEITC is a lipophilic compound with poor water solubility, which hinders its dissolution and absorption in the gastrointestinal tract
Half-Life↓, Furthermore, rapid metabolism and elimination limit the systemic exposure of PEITC, reducing its efficacy against cancer cells.
BioAv↓, As it is in general the case for all natural polyphenols, the low systemic bioavailability of PT limits is anticancer potential
Half-Life↓, A key problem directly related to this is its short half-life and low bioavailability under in vivo conditions.
iNOS↓, PT has been shown to downregulate iNOS in both skin [58] and colon cancer [48] models, which leads to the increased apoptosis of the cancer cells.
Apoptosis↑,
STAT3↓, PT has been shown to inhibit STAT3 in lung [59], ovarian [50], pancreatic [57] and endometrial cancer [49]
Akt↓, PT can also function through inhibiting the AKT/mTOR pathway in pancreatic [56] and breast cancers [41,43,44]
mTOR↓,
NF-kB↓, PT can exhibit anticancer activity through the inhibition of NF-κB signaling in colon [48] and skin cancer [58]
NRF2↓, anticancer activity of PT that only works in vivo, when PT indirectly downregulates Nrf2 through the inhibition of glucocorticoid secretion from the pituitary gland, which decreases antioxidant defenses of metastatic melanoma cells and leads to apopt
ChemoSen↑, PT demonstrating synergistic efficacy with cisplatin in ovarian cancer cells . PT showing an additive effect with tamoxifen in breast cancer cells
BBB↑, ability to cross the blood–brain barrier
| - |
Review, |
Nor, |
NA |
|
|
|
- |
NA, |
AD, |
NA |
|
|
|
*antiOx↑, In preclinical models of cognitive decline, resveratrol displays potent antioxidant activity by scavenging free radicals, reducing quinone reductase 2 activity and upregulating endogenous enzymes.
*ROS↓,
*cognitive↑,
*neuroP↑,
*SIRT1↑, By inducing SIRT1, resveratrol may promote neurite outgrowth and enhance neural plasticity in the hippocampal region
*AMPK↑, Resveratrol also induces neurogenesis and mitochondrial biogenesis by enhancing AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), which is known to stimulate neuronal differentiation and mitochondrial biogenesis in neurons.
*GPx↑, figure 1
*HO-1↑,
*GSK‐3β↑,
*COX2↓,
*PGE2↓, Resveratrol also inhibits pro-inflammatory enzyme (i.e., COX-1 and -2) expression, reduces NF-κB activation as well as PGE2, NO, and TNF-α production, and cytokine release
*NF-kB↓,
*NO↓,
*Casp3↓,
*MMP3↓,
*MMP9↓,
*MMP↑, resveratrol attenuated ROS production and mitochondrial membrane-potential disruption; moreover, it restored the normal levels of glutathione (GSH) depleted by Aβ1-42
*GSH↑,
*other↑, resveratrol significantly increased cerebral blood flow (CBF) in the frontal cortex of young healthy humans.
*BioAv↑, receiving 200 mg/day of resveratrol in a formulation with quercetin 320 mg [53], in order to increase its bioavailability,
*memory↑, Resveratrol supplementation induced retention of memory and improved the functional connectivity between the hippocampus and frontal, parietal, and occipital areas, compared with placebo
*GlutMet↑, Also, glucose metabolism was improved and this may account for some of the beneficial effects of resveratrol on neuronal function.
*BioAv↓, The main problems related to the therapeutic or preventive use of resveratrol are linked to its low oral bioavailability and its short half-life in serum
*Half-Life↓,
*toxicity∅, On the other hand, the tolerability and safety profile of resveratrol is very high
*neuroP↑, several studies have reported interesting insights about the neuroprotective properties of the polyphenolic compound resveratrol
*BioAv↓, However, resveratrol’s low bioavailability originating from its poor water solubility and resulting from its short biological half-life
*Half-Life↓,
*BioAv↑, encapsulation in liposomal formulations
*BBB↑, Resveratrol being a lipophilic compound can readily cross the BBB via transmembrane diffusion
*NRF2↑, resveratrol into aged cells leading to the activation of cellular Nrf2-mediated antioxidant defense systems
*BioAv↓, An oral dose of 25 mg results in less than 5 μg/mL in the serum following absorption through the gastrointestinal tract, corresponding to approximately a 1000-fold decrease in bioavailability.
*BioAv↑, Treatment with pterostilbene also produced a sevenfold rise in its oral bioavailability than the parent resveratrol
*SIRT1↑, Amongst all the naturally occurring activators of SIRT 1, resveratrol is considered to be the most effective SIRT 1 activator.
*cognitive↑, Pterostilbene has shown to be a potent modulator of cognition and cellular oxidative stress associated with AD
*lipid-P↓, Figure 2
*HO-1↑,
*SOD↑,
*GSH↑,
*GPx↑,
*G6PD↑,
*PPARγ↑,
*AMPK↑,
*Aβ↓, Lowered Aβ levels by activating AMPK pathway
BioAv↓, Resveratrol is poorly bioavailable, and that considered the major hindrance to exert its therapeutic effect, especially for cancer management
BioAv↓, at lower doses (25 mg per healthy subject) demonstrate that the mean proportion of free resveratrol in plasma was 1.7–1.9% with a mean plasma concentration of free resveratrol around 20 nM
Dose↑, Boocock and his colleagues studied the pharmacokinetic of resveratrol; in vitro data showed that minimum of 5 µmol/L resveratrol is essential for the chemopreventive effects to be elicited
eff↑, Despite the low bioavailability of resveratrol, it shows efficacy in vivo. This may be due to the conversion of both glucuronides and sulfate back to resveratrol in target organs such as the liver
eff↑, repeated administration of high doses of resveratrol generates a higher plasma concentration of parent and a much higher concentration of sulfate and glucuronide conjugates in the plasma
Dose↑, The doses tested in this study were 0.5, 1.0, 2.5 or 5.0 g daily for 29 days. No toxicity was detected, but moderate gastrointestinal symptoms were reported for 2.5 and 5.0 g doses
BioAv↑, the co-administration of piperine with resveratrol was used to enhance resveratrol bioavailability
ROS↑, Recent studies have shown that resveratrol increases ROS generation and decreases mitochondrial membrane potential
MMP↓,
P21↑, treatment decreased the viability of melanoma cells by activating the expression of both p21 and p27, which promoted cell cycle arrest.
p27↑,
TumCCA↑,
ChemoSen↑, Additionally, the use of resveratrol with cisplatin in malignant human mesothelioma cells (MSTO-211H and H-2452 cells) synergistically induces cell death by increasing the intracellular ROS level [64].
COX2↓, covers the down-regulation of the products of the following genes, COX-2, 5-LOX, VEGF, IL-1, IL-6, IL-8, AR and PSA [93].
5LO↓,
VEGF↓,
IL1↓,
IL6↓,
IL8↓,
AR↓,
PSA↓,
MAPK↓, by preventing also the activation of the MAPK and PI3K/Akt signaling pathways, it suppresses HIF-1a and VEGF release in ovarian cancer cells of humans
Hif1a↓,
Glycolysis↓, Resveratrol was found to effectively impede the activation, invasion, migration and glycolysis of PSCs induced by reactive oxygen species (ROS) by down-regulating the expression of microRNA 21 (miR-21)
miR-21↓,
PTEN↑, also by increasing the phosphatise and tensin homolog (PTEN) protein levels
Half-Life↝, 25 mg/70 kg resveratrol administered to healthy human participants, the compound predominantly appeared in the form of glucuronide and sulfate conjugates in serum and urine and reached its peak concentrations in serum about 30 min after ingestion
*IGF-1↓, Brown and colleagues noted how a major decline in circulating insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I as well as IGF-binding proteins (IGFBP-3) among healthy individuals can be credited to the intake of resveratrol
*IGFBP3↑,
Half-Life↓, Microactive® and Resveratrol SR and manufactured by Bioactives. This compound is capable of sustained release for over 12 h to increase intestinal residence time.
*P-gp↓, The possible known mechanisms of action of silymarin protection are blockade and adjustment of cell transporters, p-glycoprotein, estrogenic and nuclear receptors.
*Inflam↓, silymarin anti-inflammatory effects through reduction of TNF-α, protective effects on erythrocyte lysis and cisplatin-induced acute nephrotoxicity
*hepatoP↑, first usage of Milk thistle, however, was for its hepatoprotectant and antioxidant activities
*antiOx↑,
*GSH↑, increasing the glutathione concentrations
*BioAv↑, Milk thistle extract is now marketing as silymarin and silybinin capsules and tablets with an improved bioavailability under the trade names like Livergol, Silipide and Legalon
*SOD↑, increases the superoxide dismutase activity within the erythrocytes and lymphocytes (
*IFN-γ↓, enhances the IFN-γ, IL-4 and IL-10 secretion in cultures containing lymphocytes.
*IL4↓,
*IL10↓,
*Half-Life↓, Silymarin has a short half-life and quick conjugation in the liver and principal excretion in bile.
*TNF-α↓, Silybinin inhibits elevated intra-hepatic messenger RNA (mRNA) levels of IL-2, IL-4, IFN-γ, and TNF-α significantly
*ALAT↓, reduces the alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase levels and suppressed the apoptosis in hepatocytes
*AST↓,
Akt↓, HepG2 -cells death occurs via inhibition of Akt kinase stimulated by palmitate exposure and silymarin prevents this inhibition as it has hepatoprotective activity different from its antioxidant property
chemoP↑, Silymarin can be applied as a co-treatment with the other chemotherapeutics agents while silybin is mainly useful as a hepatoprotective substance against chemotherapeutics-induced oxidative stress.
β-catenin/ZEB1↓, silymarin inhibits β-catenin increase, which will suppress the proliferation of hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2 cells.
TumCP↓,
MMP↓, mitochondrial membrane potential of HepG2 cells decreases by silymarin that causes disruption of membrane permeability so that cytochrome C transfers from the intermembrane space to the cytoplasm
Cyt‑c↑,
*RenoP↑, Renal protection
*BBB↑, silymarin has antioxidant activities in the central nervous system, which enables it to enter the CNS via the blood–brain barrier (BBB)
hepatoP↑, This group of flavonoids has been extensively studied and they have been used as hepato-protective substances
AntiCan↑, however, silymarin compounds have clear anticancer effects
TumCMig↓, decreasing migration through multiple targeting, decreasing hypoxia inducible factor-1α expression, i
Hif1a↓, In prostate cancer cells silibinin inhibited HIF-1α translation
selectivity↑, antitumoral activity of silymarin compounds is limited to malignant cells while the nonmalignant cells seem not to be affected
toxicity∅, long history of silymarin use in human diseases without toxicity after prolonged administration.
*antiOx↑, as an antioxidant, by scavenging prooxidant free radicals
*Inflam↓, antiinflammatory effects similar to those of indomethacin,
TumCCA↑, MDA-MB 486 breast cancer cells, G1 arrest was found due to increased p21 and decreased CDKs activity
P21↑,
CDK4↓,
NF-kB↓, human prostate carcinoma cells, silymarin decreased ligand binding to Erb1 135 and NF-kB expression was strongly inhibited by silymarin in hepatoma cell
ERK↓, human prostate carcinoma cells, silymarin decreased ligand binding to Erb1 135 and NF-kB expression was strongly inhibited by silymarin in hepatoma cell
PSA↓, Treating prostate carcinoma cells with silymarin the levels of PSA were significantly decreased and cell growth was inhibited through decreased CDK activity and induction of Cip1/p21 and Kip1/p27. 1
TumCG↓,
p27↑,
COX2↓, such as anti-COX2 and anti-IL-1α activity, 140 antiangiogenic effects through inhibition of VEGF secretion, upregulation of Insulin like Growth Factor Binding Protein 3 (IGFBP3), 141 and inhibition of androgen receptors.
IL1↓,
VEGF↓,
IGFBP3↑,
AR↓,
STAT3↓, downregulation of the STAT3 pathway which was seen in many cell models.
Telomerase↓, silymarin has the ability to decrease telomerase activity in prostate cancer cells
Cyt‑c↑, mitochondrial cytochrome C release-caspase activation.
Casp↑,
eff↝, Malignant p53 negative cells show only minimal apoptosis when treated with silymarin. Therefore, one conclusion is that silymarin may be useful in tumors with conserved p53.
HDAC↓, inhibit histone deacetylase activity;
HATs↑, increase histone acetyltransferase activity
Zeb1↓, reduce expression of the transcription factor ZEB1
E-cadherin↑, increase expression of E-cadherin;
miR-203↑, increase expression of miR-203
NHE1↓, reduce activation of sodium hydrogen isoform 1 exchanger (NHE1)
MMP2↓, target β catenin and reduce the levels of MMP2 and MMP9
MMP9↓,
PGE2↓, reduce activation of prostaglandin E2
Vim↓, suppress vimentin expression
Wnt↓, inhibit Wnt signaling
angioG↓, Silymarin inhibits angiogenesis.
VEGF↓, VEGF downregulation
*TIMP1↓, Silymarin has the capacity to decrease TIMP1 expression166–168 in mice.
EMT↓, found that silibinin had no effect on EMT. However, the opposite was found in other malignant tissues160–162 where it showed inhibitory effects.
TGF-β↓, Silibinin reduces the expression of TGF β2 in different tumors such as triple negative breast, 174 prostate, and colorectal cancers.
CD44↓, Silibinin decreased CD44 expression and the activation of EGFR (epidermal growth factor receptor)
EGFR↓,
PDGF↓, silibinin had the ability to downregulate PDFG in fibroblasts, thus decreasing proliferation.
*IL8↓, Flavonoids, in general, reduce levels of IL-8. Curcumin, 200 apigenin, 201 and silybin showed the ability to decrease IL-8 levels
SREBP1↓, Silymarin inhibited STAT3 phosphorylation and decreased the expression of intranuclear sterol regulatory element binding protein 1 (SREBP1), decreasing lipid synthesis.
MMP↓, reduced membrane potential and ATP content
ATP↓,
uPA↓, silibinin decreased MMP2, MMP9, and urokinase plasminogen activator receptor level (uPAR) in neuroblastoma cells. uPAR is also a marker of cell invasion.
PD-L1↓, Silibinin inhibits PD-L1 by impeding STAT5 binding in NSCLC.
NOTCH↓, Silybin inhibited Notch signaling in hepatocellular carcinoma cells showing antitumoral effects
*SIRT1↑, Silymarin can also increase SIRT1 expression in other tissues, such as hippocampus, 221 articular chondrocytes, 222 and heart muscle
SIRT1↓, Silymarin seems to act differently in tumors: in lung cancer cells SIRT downregulated SIRT1 and exerted multiple antitumor effects such as reduced adhesion and migration and increased apoptosis.
CA↓, Silymarin has the ability to inhibit CA isoforms CA I and CA II.
Ca+2↑, ilymarin increases mitochondrial release of Ca++ and lowers mitochondrial membrane potential in cancer cell
chemoP↑, Silymarin: Decreasing Side Effects and Toxicity of Chemotherapeutic Drugs
cardioP↑, There is also evidence that it protects the heart from doxorubicin toxicity, however, it is less potent than quercetin in this effect.
Dose↝, oral administration of 240 mg of silybin to 6 healthy volunteers the following results were obtained 377 : maximum\,plasmaconcentration0.34±0.16𝜇g/mL
Half-Life↝, and time to maximum plasma concentration 1.32 ± 0.45 h. Absorption half life 0.17 ± 0.09 h, elimination half life 6.32 ± 3.94 h
BioAv↓, silymarin is not soluble in water and oral administration shows poor absorption in the alimentary tract (approximately 1% in rats,
BioAv↓, Our conclusion is that, from a bioavailability standpoint, it is much easier to achieve migration inhibition, than proliferative reduction.
BioAv↓, Combination with succinate: is available on the market under the trade mark Legalon® (bis hemisuccinate silybin). Combination with phosphatidylcholine:
toxicity↝, 13 g daily per os divided into 3 doses was well tolerated. The most frequent adverse event was asymptomatic liver toxicity.
Half-Life↓, It may be necessary to administer 800 mg 4 times a day because the half-life is short.
ROS↓, its ability as an antioxidant reduces ROS production
FAK↓, Silibinin decreased human osteosarcoma cell invasion through Erk inhibition of a FAK/ERK/uPA/MMP2 pathway
ROS↑, their induction of reactive oxygen species production, inhibition of EGFR and PI3K/AKT signaling pathway activation, inhibition of angiogenesis and induction of apoptosis and necroptosis
EGFR↓,
PI3K↓,
Akt↓,
angioG↓,
Apoptosis↑,
Necroptosis↑,
GSH↓, leading to the increased consumption of reduced glutathione (GSH) and increased Ca2+ concentration in the cells and destroying the mitochondrial membrane potential.
Ca+2↓,
MMP↓,
ERK↓, 24 h of treatment with shikonin, ERK 1/2 and AKT activities were significantly inhibited, and p38 activity was upregulated, which ultimately led to pro-caspase-3 cleavage and triggered the apoptosis of GC cells.
p38↑,
proCasp3↑,
eff↓, pretreated with the ROS scavengers NAC and GSH before treatment with shikonin, the production of ROS was significantly inhibited, the cytotoxicity of shikonin was attenuated
VEGF↓, shikonin can inhibit the expression of VEGF
FOXO3↑, Activated FOXO3a/EGR1/SIRT1 signaling
EGR1↑,
SIRT1↑,
RIP1↑, Upregulation of RIP1 and RIP3
RIP3↑,
BioAv↓, limitations caused by its poor water solubility, it has a short half-life and nonselective biological distribution
NF-kB↓, Shikonin can also prevent the activation of NF-κB by AKT and then downregulate the expression of Bcl-xl,
Half-Life↓, due to the limitations caused by its poor water solubility, it has a short half-life and nonselective biological distribution.
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Review, |
Arthritis, |
NA |
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Review, |
Sepsis, |
NA |
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*antiOx↓, Functions of selenium are diverse as antioxidant, anti-inflammation, increased immunity, reduced cancer incidence, blocking tumor invasion and metastasis, and further clinical application as treatment with radiation and chemotherapy.
*Inflam↓,
Risk↓,
TumCI↓,
TumMeta↓,
radioP↑,
chemoP↑,
Apoptosis↑, (SeDG), which induces cytotoxicity as cell apoptosis, ROS production, DNA damage, and adenosine-methionine methylation in the cellular nucleus
ROS↑,
DNAdam↑,
Dose↑, In our study, advanced cancer patients can tolerate until 5000 μg of sodium selenite in combination with radiation and chemotherapy since the half-life of sodium selenite may be relatively short
selectivity↑, selenium may accumulates more in cancer cells than that of normal cells, which may be toxic to the cancer cells.
*other↓, Se-methylselenocysteine (MSeC) is most abundant in garlic, broccoli, walnut, and some other plant products.
*BioAv↑, Most Se compounds are readily absorbed from the diet and are mainly metabolized in the liver.
ROS↑, Methylselenol induced apoptosis by ROS production, subsequently altered mitochondrial membrane potential, and, further, induced caspases’ activity.
MMP↓,
Casp↑,
*Imm↑, Se activates immune functions via the activation of IL-2 receptor [59].
*Pain↓, Supplementation with 200 μg Se in a group of rheumatoid arthritis patients for three months significantly reduced pain and joint involvement
Sepsis↓, Se plays an important role in defense against acute illness, such as sepsis syndrome
MMP2↓, Several experiments by our group demonstrate that selenite inhibits tumor invasion by blocking MMP-2 and -9 expression
MMP9↓,
*Half-Life↓, a short half-life of sodium selenite and more accumulation of the Se in the cancer cells may be more toxic in cancer cells than that in normal cells.
*Inflam↓, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anticancer, antidiabetic, antimicrobial, antihyperlipidemic, anti-obesity, neuroprotective, hepatoprotective, and cardioprotective activities.
*antiOx↑,
AntiCan↑,
*neuroP↑,
*hepatoP↑,
*cardioP↑,
*MMP↑, UA supports mitochondrial function by enhancing mitochondrial membrane potential, reducing ROS production, and promoting mitochondrial biogenesis through PGC-1α activation.
*ROS↓,
*PGC-1α↑,
*BDNF↑, UA has been shown to upregulate the expression of BDNF, which supports synaptic plasticity and enhances cognitive functions.
*cognitive↑,
Bcl-2↓, UA has been shown to decrease CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein β and Bcl-2 levels, while raising cytoplasmic cytochrome C levels
Cyt‑c↑,
DR5↑, UA induces extrinsic apoptosis by increasing death receptor 5 (DR5) expression and activating caspase 9, 8, and 3
Casp9↑,
Casp8↑,
Casp3↑,
TumCCA↑, UA’s anticancer properties is its capacity to cause cell cycle arrest.
*BioAv↓, its clinical applicability is limited by its poor solubility (1.02 × 10–4 mg/L at 25 °C) and bioavailability
*Dose↝, a study indicated that only 4 out of 14 subjects had detectable UA levels after a 100 mg dose; however, this number increased to 9 out of 14 when the dose was raised to 1000 mg.
*Half-Life↓, The rapid elimination of UA from the body further complicates its pharmacokinetics, necessitating alternative delivery methods to enhance its bioavailability
*Half-Life↓, The half-life of UA varies among species; for example, studies in rats have reported a half-life of approximately 4.3 h following oral administration
Showing Research Papers: 1 to 46 of 46
* indicates research on normal cells as opposed to diseased cells
Total Research Paper Matches: 46
Pathway results for Effect on Cancer / Diseased Cells:
Redox & Oxidative Stress ⓘ
antiOx↑, 1, Ferroptosis↑, 2, GPx4↓, 1, GSH↓, 4, lipid-P?, 1, lipid-P↑, 2, NADH↓, 1, NRF2↓, 2, NRF2↑, 2, ROS↓, 3, ROS↑, 21, mt-ROS↑, 2, SIRT3↑, 1, SOD↓, 1,
Metal & Cofactor Biology ⓘ
Ferritin↓, 1, Tf↓, 1,
Mitochondria & Bioenergetics ⓘ
ADP:ATP↑, 1, AIF↑, 1, ATP↓, 2, mt-ATP↓, 1, CDC2↓, 1, CDC25↓, 2, MMP↓, 11, MPT↑, 1, Raf↓, 1, c-Raf↓, 1, XIAP↓, 1,
Core Metabolism/Glycolysis ⓘ
AMPK↑, 5, ATG7↑, 1, cMyc↓, 6, FDG↓, 1, Glycolysis↓, 4, HK2↓, 1, NADPH↓, 2, PCK1↓, 1, PDH↑, 2, PDK1↓, 1, PDK3↑, 1, PPARα↓, 1, PPP↓, 1, SIRT1↓, 2, SIRT1↑, 1, SREBP1↓, 1,
Cell Death ⓘ
Akt↓, 7, Apoptosis↑, 16, Bak↑, 1, BAX↑, 4, Bax:Bcl2↑, 1, Bcl-2↓, 5, Bcl-xL↓, 1, BIM↑, 1, Casp↑, 6, Casp3↓, 1, Casp3↑, 5, cl‑Casp3↑, 1, proCasp3↑, 1, Casp7↑, 1, Casp8↑, 3, Casp9↑, 3, Chk2↑, 1, Cyt‑c↑, 7, Diablo↑, 1, DR4↑, 2, DR5↑, 6, Fas↑, 1, Ferroptosis↑, 2, IAP2↓, 1, iNOS↓, 1, JNK↓, 2, JNK↑, 1, MAPK↓, 5, Mcl-1↓, 1, Mcl-1↑, 1, MDM2↓, 1, Myc↓, 1, Necroptosis↑, 1, NOXA↑, 1, p27↑, 4, p38↑, 2, p‑p38↓, 1, PUMA↑, 1, RIP1↑, 1, survivin↓, 4, Telomerase↓, 1, TRAIL↑, 1, TRPV1↑, 1,
Kinase & Signal Transduction ⓘ
EF-1α↓, 1,
Transcription & Epigenetics ⓘ
cJun↓, 1, cJun↑, 1, H3↑, 1, p‑H3↓, 1, H4↑, 1, HATs↑, 2, miR-21↓, 1, other↝, 2, tumCV↓, 2, tumCV↑, 1,
Protein Folding & ER Stress ⓘ
CHOP↑, 2, cl‑CHOP↑, 1, ER Stress↓, 1, ER Stress↑, 2, GRP78/BiP↑, 2,
Autophagy & Lysosomes ⓘ
ATG5↑, 2, Beclin-1↑, 1, LC3II↑, 2, LC3s↑, 1, p62↓, 1, p62↑, 1, TumAuto↑, 1,
DNA Damage & Repair ⓘ
ATM↑, 1, CHK1↑, 1, DNAdam↑, 4, DNMTs↓, 1, p16↑, 1, P53↑, 1, cl‑PARP↑, 3, PARP1↑, 1, PCNA↓, 4,
Cell Cycle & Senescence ⓘ
CDK2↓, 5, CDK4↓, 6, CycB/CCNB1↓, 2, cycD1/CCND1↓, 5, cycE/CCNE↓, 2, E2Fs↓, 2, P21?, 1, P21↑, 4, p‑RB1↓, 2, TumCCA↑, 15,
Proliferation, Differentiation & Cell State ⓘ
CD133↓, 1, CD44↓, 1, cFos↓, 1, CSCs↓, 3, EMT↓, 5, ERK↓, 4, p‑ERK↓, 1, FOXO3↑, 1, GSK‐3β↑, 1, HDAC↓, 3, IGFBP3↑, 1, Let-7↑, 1, LRP6↓, 1, mTOR↓, 5, mTORC1↓, 3, mTORC2↓, 1, Nanog↓, 1, Nestin↓, 1, NOTCH↓, 3, NOTCH1↓, 1, NOTCH1↑, 1, NOTCH3↓, 1, OCT4↓, 1, PI3K↓, 5, PTEN↑, 1, RAS↓, 1, SOX2↓, 1, STAT3↓, 10, TOP1↓, 4, TOP2↓, 3, TOP2↑, 1, TumCG↓, 8, Wnt↓, 4,
Migration ⓘ
5LO↓, 2, AP-1↓, 2, CA↓, 1, Ca+2↓, 1, Ca+2↑, 3, Cdc42↑, 1, E-cadherin↑, 4, FAK↓, 1, p‑FAK↓, 1, Ki-67↓, 3, miR-200b↑, 1, miR-203↑, 1, MMP1↓, 2, MMP13↓, 1, MMP2↓, 7, MMP7↓, 2, MMP9↓, 7, MMP9↑, 1, MMPs↓, 4, PDGF↓, 2, PKCδ↓, 2, Rho↓, 2, RIP3↑, 1, ROCK1↓, 1, SOX4↓, 1, TGF-β↓, 1, TIMP2↑, 1, TRIB3↑, 1, TumCI↓, 5, TumCMig↓, 4, TumCP↓, 8, TumMeta↓, 9, TumMeta↑, 1, TXNIP↑, 1, uPA↓, 5, Vim↓, 1, Zeb1↓, 2, β-catenin/ZEB1↓, 5, β-catenin/ZEB1↑, 1,
Angiogenesis & Vasculature ⓘ
angioG↓, 11, EGFR↓, 6, EGR1↑, 1, EGR4↓, 1, EPR↑, 1, Hif1a↓, 6, p‑PDGFR-BB↓, 1, VEGF↓, 16, VEGFR2↓, 2,
Barriers & Transport ⓘ
BBB↑, 3, GLUT1↓, 1, NHE1↓, 1, P-gp↓, 1,
Immune & Inflammatory Signaling ⓘ
COX1↓, 1, COX2↓, 8, CXCR4↓, 1, IKKα↓, 2, IL1↓, 2, IL1α↓, 1, IL1β↓, 1, IL2↑, 1, IL6↓, 2, IL8↓, 3, Inflam↓, 1, JAK↓, 1, JAK1↓, 2, MCP1↓, 1, MIP2↓, 1, NF-kB↓, 12, p65↓, 1, PD-L1↓, 2, PGE2↓, 2, PSA↓, 2, TNF-α↓, 2,
Cellular Microenvironment ⓘ
pH↓, 1,
Synaptic & Neurotransmission ⓘ
5HT↓, 1,
Hormonal & Nuclear Receptors ⓘ
AR↓, 4,
Drug Metabolism & Resistance ⓘ
BioAv↓, 17, BioAv↑, 10, BioAv↝, 4, ChemoSen↑, 12, Dose↑, 4, Dose↝, 3, eff↓, 4, eff↑, 17, eff↝, 3, Half-Life↓, 23, Half-Life↑, 1, Half-Life↝, 4, RadioS↑, 4, selectivity↑, 6,
Clinical Biomarkers ⓘ
AR↓, 4, ascitic↓, 1, EGFR↓, 6, Ferritin↓, 1, IL6↓, 2, Ki-67↓, 3, Myc↓, 1, PD-L1↓, 2, PSA↓, 2, TRIB3↑, 1,
Functional Outcomes ⓘ
AntiCan↓, 1, AntiCan↑, 6, antiNeop↑, 1, AntiTum↑, 1, cardioP↑, 1, chemoP↑, 5, chemoPv↑, 1, hepatoP↑, 2, neuroP↑, 1, Obesity↓, 2, OS↑, 2, radioP↑, 2, RenoP↑, 1, Risk↓, 3, toxicity↓, 5, toxicity↑, 1, toxicity↝, 1, toxicity∅, 1, TumVol↓, 1,
Infection & Microbiome ⓘ
Sepsis↓, 1,
Total Targets: 281
Pathway results for Effect on Normal Cells:
Redox & Oxidative Stress ⓘ
antiOx↓, 1, antiOx↑, 15, Catalase↑, 2, GPx↑, 5, GSH↑, 5, HO-1↑, 4, lipid-P↓, 3, MDA↓, 2, NRF2↑, 5, ROS?, 1, ROS↓, 12, ROS↑, 1, ROS⇅, 1, SOD↑, 6, VitC↑, 1, VitE↑, 1,
Metal & Cofactor Biology ⓘ
IronCh↑, 3,
Mitochondria & Bioenergetics ⓘ
ATP↑, 1, MMP↑, 2, PGC-1α↑, 1,
Core Metabolism/Glycolysis ⓘ
ALAT↓, 1, AMPK↑, 2, cAMP↑, 1, G6PD↑, 1, GlucoseCon↑, 1, GlutMet↑, 1, PPARγ↑, 1, SIRT1↑, 4,
Cell Death ⓘ
Apoptosis↓, 1, Bax:Bcl2↓, 1, Casp3↓, 2, cl‑Casp8↑, 1, Casp9↓, 1, iNOS↓, 1, MAPK↑, 1, TRPV1↑, 2,
Transcription & Epigenetics ⓘ
Ach↑, 3, other↓, 2, other↑, 2, other↝, 2,
Proliferation, Differentiation & Cell State ⓘ
Choline↑, 1, GSK‐3β↑, 1, IGF-1↓, 1, IGFBP3↑, 1,
Migration ⓘ
AntiAg↑, 3, Ca+2↑, 1, Ca+2↝, 1, MMP3↓, 1, MMP9↓, 1, TIMP1↓, 1, VCAM-1↓, 1,
Angiogenesis & Vasculature ⓘ
NO↓, 1, TXA2↓, 1,
Barriers & Transport ⓘ
BBB↓, 1, BBB↑, 5, P-gp↓, 1,
Immune & Inflammatory Signaling ⓘ
COX1↓, 2, COX2↓, 4, IFN-γ↓, 1, IL10↓, 1, IL1β↓, 2, IL2↓, 1, IL4↓, 1, IL6↓, 4, IL8↓, 1, Imm↑, 1, INF-γ↓, 1, Inflam↓, 19, Inflam↑, 1, NF-kB↓, 3, NF-kB↑, 1, PGE2↓, 3, TNF-α↓, 6,
Synaptic & Neurotransmission ⓘ
5HT↑, 1, AChE↓, 1, BDNF↑, 1, ChAT↑, 3, tau↓, 1,
Protein Aggregation ⓘ
Aβ↓, 3,
Drug Metabolism & Resistance ⓘ
BioAv↓, 15, BioAv↑, 16, BioAv↝, 12, Dose↝, 3, eff↑, 2, Half-Life↓, 25, Half-Life↝, 1, selectivity↑, 1,
Clinical Biomarkers ⓘ
ALAT↓, 1, AST↓, 1, GutMicro↑, 2, IL6↓, 4,
Functional Outcomes ⓘ
AntiAge↑, 1, AntiCan↑, 2, cardioP↓, 1, cardioP↑, 5, chemoP↑, 2, cognitive↑, 8, hepatoP↑, 4, memory↑, 4, motorD↑, 1, neuroP↑, 14, Pain↓, 2, radioP↑, 1, RenoP↑, 2, toxicity↓, 1, toxicity∅, 1, Weight↓, 1,
Total Targets: 107
Scientific Paper Hit Count for: Half-Life, Half-Life
Query results interpretion may depend on "conditions" listed in the research papers.
Such Conditions may include :
-low or high Dose
-format for product, such as nano of lipid formations
-different cell line effects
-synergies with other products
-if effect was for normal or cancerous cells
Filter Conditions: Pro/AntiFlg:% IllCat:% CanType:% Cells:% prod#:% Target#:1109 State#:% Dir#:1
wNotes=on sortOrder:rid,rpid
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