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| Garlic (Allium sativum L.) (active ingredient- Allicin, an active sulfer compound). Summary: - Four main organic sulfides in garlic, diallyl disulfide (DADS), diallyl trisulfide (DATS), S-allylmercaptocysteine (SAMC) and allicin. - Reversible inhibitor of ACSS2. - may inhibit NF-κB signaling - induce oxidative stress in cancer cells by generating ROS - might downregulate STAT3 activation - Inconclusive evidence for cancer treatment. - may inhibit platelet aggregation Allicin is a reactive sulfur species (RSS) [23] with oxidizing properties, and it is able to oxidize thiols in cells, e.g., glutathione and cysteine residues in proteins. -Allicin is not present in intact garlic; rather, it is formed when garlic is chopped or crushed. -Using crushed or chopped raw garlic or adding garlic at the end of the cooking process (after the heat is reduced) can help preserve its potential allicin content. "Consumption of alliinase-inhibited cooked garlic was found to give higher than expected allicin bioequivalence, with AMS formation being about 30% (roasted garlic) or 16% (boiled garlic) that of crushed raw garlic." -Note half-life reports vary 2.5-90hrs?. -low solubility of apigenin in water : BioAv Pathways: - induce ROS production - ROS↑ related: MMP↓(ΔΨm), ER Stress↑, Ca+2↑, Cyt‑c↑, Caspases↑, DNA damage↑, UPR↑, cl-PARP↑, HSP↓ - Lowers AntiOxidant defense in Cancer Cells: NRF2↓, GSH↓ - Raises AntiOxidant defense in Normal Cells: NRF2↑, SOD↑, GSH↑, Catalase↑, - lowers Inflammation : NF-kB↓, COX2↓, p38↓, Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines : IL-1β↓, TNF-α↓, IL-6↓, IL-8↓ - PI3K/AKT(Inhibition), JAK/STATs, Wnt/β-catenin, AMPK, MAPK/ERK, and JNK. - inhibit Growth/Metastases : EMT↓, MMP2↓, MMP9↓, VEGF↓, ERK↓ - reactivate genes thereby inhibiting cancer cell growth : HDAC↓(not commonly listed as inhibitor), DNMT1↓, P53↑, HSP↓ - cause Cell cycle arrest : TumCCA↑, cyclin D1↓, cyclin E↓, CDK2↓, CDK4↓, CDK6↓, - inhibits Migration/Invasion : TumCMig↓, FAK↓, ERK↓, - inhibits angiogenesis↓ : VEGF↓, HIF-1α↓, EGFR↓, - inhibits Cancer Stem Cells : CSC↓, - Others: PI3K↓, AKT↓, STAT3, Wnt↓, β-catenin↓, AMPK↓, ERK↓, JNK, - Synergies: chemo-sensitization, chemoProtective, RadioSensitizer, RadioProtective, Others(review target notes), Neuroprotective, Cognitive, Renoprotection, Hepatoprotective, CardioProtective, - Selectivity: Cancer Cells vs Normal Cells Allicin has been reported to exhibit a range of effects, including: Antimicrobial activity: 10-50 μM Antioxidant activity: 10-100 μM Anti-inflammatory activity: 20-50 μM Anticancer activity: 50-100 μM or (50–300uM) (2–5 mg allicin per kilogram of body weight per day) Cardiovascular health: 20-50 μM Approximate μM concentrations of allicin that can be achieved: 1 clove of garlic (3g): approximately 10-50 μM of allicin single clove of garlic may yield about 5–9 mg of allicin, 1 tablespoon of minced garlic (15g): approximately 50-150 μM of allicin 1 cup of chopped garlic (100g): approximately 200-500 μM of allicin 1 tablespoon of chopped garlic chives (15g): approximately 5-20 μM of allicin 1 cup of chopped garlic chives (100g): approximately 20-50 μM of allicin 1 ounce (28g) of garlic microgreens: approximately 50-200 μM of allicin 1 cup of garlic microgreens (100g): approximately 200-500 μM of allicin 1 ounce (28g) of garlic chive microgreens: approximately 20-50 μM of allicin 1 cup of garlic chive microgreens (100g): approximately 50-100 μM of allicin Allicin is a bioactive compound derived from garlic that has garnered significant interest for its potential anticancer properties through multiple mechanisms, including antioxidant activity, induction of apoptosis, cell cycle arrest, and modulation of key signaling pathways. While regular dietary intake of garlic is associated with cancer prevention benefits, allicin is also being explored as an adjunct to conventional cancer treatments. Available in supplement tablet/capsule form for example at 2000mg (fresh bulb equilvalent) IC50 of normal cells it >160mg/mL (large selectivity). IC50 might be about 12-30ug/ml (approximately 62-185 µM) (which is about 30-90 grams of garlic consumption). This makes it difficult to consume enough supplements to achieve that level. Pathways: ROS Generation and Oxidative Stress (inducing) • ROS generation is often considered a primary trigger that feeds into downstream pathways (e.g., MAPK activation, mitochondrial membrane permeabilization). Mitochondrial (Intrinsic) Apoptotic Pathway • ROS-induced mitochondrial damage can lead to the release of cytochrome c and subsequent activation of caspases (e.g., caspase-9 and caspase-3). NF-κB Signaling Inhibition (block) Modulation of MAPK Pathways (e.g., p38 MAPK and JNK) • ROS generation by allicin can activate stress-responsive kinases such as p38 MAPK and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK). Inhibition of PI3K/Akt Pathway ROS levels and PI3K/Akt signaling, with increased oxidative stress often correlating with reduced Akt phosphorylation and activity. At lower doses, allicin may lead to a modest increase in ROS levels that the cell’s antioxidant defenses (e.g., glutathione, superoxide dismutase) can manage |
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| Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) cleavage is a hallmark of caspase activation.
PARP (Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase) is a family of proteins involved in a variety of cellular processes, including DNA repair, genomic stability, and programmed cell death. PARP enzymes play a crucial role in repairing single-strand breaks in DNA. PARP has gained significant attention, particularly in the treatment of certain types of tumors, such as those with BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations. These mutations impair the cell's ability to repair double-strand breaks in DNA through homologous recombination. Cancer cells with these mutations can become reliant on PARP for survival, making them particularly sensitive to PARP inhibitors. PARP inhibitors, such as olaparib, rucaparib, and niraparib, have been developed as targeted therapies for cancers associated with BRCA mutations. PARP Family: The poly (ADP-ribose) polymerases (PARPs) are a family of enzymes involved in a number of cellular processes, including DNA repair, genomic stability, and programmed cell death. PARP1 is the predominant family member responsible for detecting DNA strand breaks and initiating repair processes, especially through base excision repair (BER). PARP1 Overexpression: In several cancer types—including breast, ovarian, prostate, and lung cancers—elevated PARP1 expression and/or activity has been reported. High PARP1 expression in certain cancers has been associated with aggressive tumor behavior and resistance to therapies (especially those that induce DNA damage). Increased PARP1 activity may correlate with poorer overall survival in tumors that rely on DNA repair for survival. |
| 2655- | AL, | Allicin and Digestive System Cancers: From Chemical Structure to Its Therapeutic Opportunities |
| - | Review, | GC, | NA |
| 233- | AL, | 5-FU, | Allicin sensitizes hepatocellular cancer cells to anti-tumor activity of 5-fluorouracil through ROS-mediated mitochondrial pathway |
| - | in-vivo, | Liver, | NA |
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