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| Garlic (Allium sativum L.) (active ingredient- Allicin, an active sulfer compound). Summary: - Four main organic sulfides in garlic, diallyl disulfide (DADS), diallyl trisulfide (DATS), S-allylmercaptocysteine (SAMC) and allicin. - Reversible inhibitor of ACSS2. - may inhibit NF-κB signaling - induce oxidative stress in cancer cells by generating ROS - might downregulate STAT3 activation - Inconclusive evidence for cancer treatment. - may inhibit platelet aggregation Allicin is a reactive sulfur species (RSS) [23] with oxidizing properties, and it is able to oxidize thiols in cells, e.g., glutathione and cysteine residues in proteins. -Allicin is not present in intact garlic; rather, it is formed when garlic is chopped or crushed. -Using crushed or chopped raw garlic or adding garlic at the end of the cooking process (after the heat is reduced) can help preserve its potential allicin content. "Consumption of alliinase-inhibited cooked garlic was found to give higher than expected allicin bioequivalence, with AMS formation being about 30% (roasted garlic) or 16% (boiled garlic) that of crushed raw garlic." -Note half-life reports vary 2.5-90hrs?. -low solubility of apigenin in water : BioAv Pathways: - induce ROS production - ROS↑ related: MMP↓(ΔΨm), ER Stress↑, Ca+2↑, Cyt‑c↑, Caspases↑, DNA damage↑, UPR↑, cl-PARP↑, HSP↓ - Lowers AntiOxidant defense in Cancer Cells: NRF2↓, GSH↓ - Raises AntiOxidant defense in Normal Cells: NRF2↑, SOD↑, GSH↑, Catalase↑, - lowers Inflammation : NF-kB↓, COX2↓, p38↓, Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines : IL-1β↓, TNF-α↓, IL-6↓, IL-8↓ - PI3K/AKT(Inhibition), JAK/STATs, Wnt/β-catenin, AMPK, MAPK/ERK, and JNK. - inhibit Growth/Metastases : EMT↓, MMP2↓, MMP9↓, VEGF↓, ERK↓ - reactivate genes thereby inhibiting cancer cell growth : HDAC↓(not commonly listed as inhibitor), DNMT1↓, P53↑, HSP↓ - cause Cell cycle arrest : TumCCA↑, cyclin D1↓, cyclin E↓, CDK2↓, CDK4↓, CDK6↓, - inhibits Migration/Invasion : TumCMig↓, FAK↓, ERK↓, - inhibits angiogenesis↓ : VEGF↓, HIF-1α↓, EGFR↓, - inhibits Cancer Stem Cells : CSC↓, - Others: PI3K↓, AKT↓, STAT3, Wnt↓, β-catenin↓, AMPK↓, ERK↓, JNK, - Synergies: chemo-sensitization, chemoProtective, RadioSensitizer, RadioProtective, Others(review target notes), Neuroprotective, Cognitive, Renoprotection, Hepatoprotective, CardioProtective, - Selectivity: Cancer Cells vs Normal Cells Allicin has been reported to exhibit a range of effects, including: Antimicrobial activity: 10-50 μM Antioxidant activity: 10-100 μM Anti-inflammatory activity: 20-50 μM Anticancer activity: 50-100 μM or (50–300uM) (2–5 mg allicin per kilogram of body weight per day) Cardiovascular health: 20-50 μM Approximate μM concentrations of allicin that can be achieved: 1 clove of garlic (3g): approximately 10-50 μM of allicin single clove of garlic may yield about 5–9 mg of allicin, 1 tablespoon of minced garlic (15g): approximately 50-150 μM of allicin 1 cup of chopped garlic (100g): approximately 200-500 μM of allicin 1 tablespoon of chopped garlic chives (15g): approximately 5-20 μM of allicin 1 cup of chopped garlic chives (100g): approximately 20-50 μM of allicin 1 ounce (28g) of garlic microgreens: approximately 50-200 μM of allicin 1 cup of garlic microgreens (100g): approximately 200-500 μM of allicin 1 ounce (28g) of garlic chive microgreens: approximately 20-50 μM of allicin 1 cup of garlic chive microgreens (100g): approximately 50-100 μM of allicin Allicin is a bioactive compound derived from garlic that has garnered significant interest for its potential anticancer properties through multiple mechanisms, including antioxidant activity, induction of apoptosis, cell cycle arrest, and modulation of key signaling pathways. While regular dietary intake of garlic is associated with cancer prevention benefits, allicin is also being explored as an adjunct to conventional cancer treatments. Available in supplement tablet/capsule form for example at 2000mg (fresh bulb equilvalent) IC50 of normal cells it >160mg/mL (large selectivity). IC50 might be about 12-30ug/ml (approximately 62-185 µM) (which is about 30-90 grams of garlic consumption). This makes it difficult to consume enough supplements to achieve that level. Pathways: ROS Generation and Oxidative Stress (inducing) • ROS generation is often considered a primary trigger that feeds into downstream pathways (e.g., MAPK activation, mitochondrial membrane permeabilization). Mitochondrial (Intrinsic) Apoptotic Pathway • ROS-induced mitochondrial damage can lead to the release of cytochrome c and subsequent activation of caspases (e.g., caspase-9 and caspase-3). NF-κB Signaling Inhibition (block) Modulation of MAPK Pathways (e.g., p38 MAPK and JNK) • ROS generation by allicin can activate stress-responsive kinases such as p38 MAPK and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK). Inhibition of PI3K/Akt Pathway ROS levels and PI3K/Akt signaling, with increased oxidative stress often correlating with reduced Akt phosphorylation and activity. At lower doses, allicin may lead to a modest increase in ROS levels that the cell’s antioxidant defenses (e.g., glutathione, superoxide dismutase) can manage |
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| Type: |
| Cytochrome c ** The term "release of cytochrome c" ** an increase in level for the cytosol. Small hemeprotein found loosely associated with the inner membrane of the mitochondrion where it plays a critical role in cellular respiration. Cytochrome c is highly water-soluble, unlike other cytochromes. It is capable of undergoing oxidation and reduction as its iron atom converts between the ferrous and ferric forms, but does not bind oxygen. It also plays a major role in cell apoptosis. The term "release of cytochrome c" refers to a critical step in the process of programmed cell death, also known as apoptosis. In its new location—the cytosol—cytochrome c participates in the apoptotic signaling pathway by helping to form the apoptosome, which activates caspases that execute cell death. Cytochrome c is a small protein normally located in the mitochondrial intermembrane space. Its primary role in healthy cells is to participate in the electron transport chain, a process that helps produce energy (ATP) through oxidative phosphorylation. Mitochondrial outer membrane permeability leads to the release of cytochrome c from the mitochondria into the cytosol. The release of cytochrome c is a pivotal event in apoptosis where cytochrome c moves from the mitochondria to the cytosol, initiating a chain reaction that leads to programmed cell death. On the one hand, cytochrome c can promote cancer cell survival and proliferation by regulating the activity of various signaling pathways, such as the PI3K/AKT pathway. This can lead to increased cell growth and resistance to apoptosis, which are hallmarks of cancer. On the other hand, cytochrome c can also induce apoptosis in cancer cells by interacting with other proteins, such as Apaf-1 and caspase-9. This can lead to the activation of the intrinsic apoptotic pathway, which can result in the death of cancer cells. Overexpressed in Breast, Lung, Colon, and Prostrate. Underexpressed in Ovarian, and Pancreatic. |
| 2656- | AL, | Allicin Protects PC12 Cells Against 6-OHDA-Induced Oxidative Stress and Mitochondrial Dysfunction via Regulating Mitochondrial Dynamics |
| - | in-vitro, | Park, | PC12 |
| 2655- | AL, | Allicin and Digestive System Cancers: From Chemical Structure to Its Therapeutic Opportunities |
| - | Review, | GC, | NA |
| 2660- | AL, | Allicin: A review of its important pharmacological activities |
| - | Review, | AD, | NA | - | Review, | Var, | NA | - | Review, | Park, | NA | - | Review, | Stroke, | NA |
| 239- | AL, | Allicin induces apoptosis in gastric cancer cells through activation of both extrinsic and intrinsic pathways |
| - | in-vitro, | GC, | SGC-7901 |
| 241- | AL, | Role of p38 MAPK activation and mitochondrial cytochrome-c release in allicin-induced apoptosis in SK-N-SH cells |
| - | in-vitro, | neuroblastoma, | SK-N-SH |
| 245- | AL, | Allicin: a promising modulator of apoptosis and survival signaling in cancer |
| - | Review, | Var, | NA |
| 251- | AL, | Inhibition of allicin in Eca109 and EC9706 cells via G2/M phase arrest and mitochondrial apoptosis pathway |
| - | in-vitro, | ESCC, | Eca109 | - | in-vitro, | ESCC, | EC9706 | - | in-vivo, | NA, | NA |
| 254- | AL, | Allicin and Cancer Hallmarks |
| - | Review, | Var, | NA |
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