Database Query Results : Selenium, , Risk

Se, Selenium: Click to Expand ⟱
Features: micronutrient
Naturally occurring element. Selenium is incorporated into selenoproteins, such as glutathione peroxidases (GPxs) and thioredoxin reductases (TrxRs), which play critical roles in protecting cells from oxidative damage.
Involved in GPx, TrxR, ans Selenoprotien P which protect normal cells from oxidative stress.
Important in Thyroid hormone metabolism, immune system regulation, reproductive health, and Brain and heart protection.

-recommended daily allowance (RDA) for selenium is about 55 µg/day for adults. (upper tolerance 400ug/day)
-One Brazil nut may contain 50-300ug/nut

Sodium selenite (Na₂SeO₃) is a selenium compound with well-documented anticancer and chemopreventive properties
-Oxidation state: +4 (selenite form of selenium)
-Type: Inorganic selenium compound (water-soluble)

-Sodium selenite generates reactive oxygen species (ROS) selectively in tumor cells.
-Induces cytochrome c release, caspase-3 activation, and DNA fragmentation.
-Reduces VEGF expression and endothelial cell migration.
-Blocks cell division at G2/M phase
-Suppresses MMP-2 and MMP-9 activity
-Activates p53
-Inhibits NF-κB
-PI3K/Akt/mTOR Suppression
-Inactivation of Thioredoxin/Glutathione systems

Narrow therapeutic window:
-Low micromolar (≤5 µM) → anticancer
-High (>10 µM) → toxic to normal cells

Some Selenium Supplements use Sodium Selenite as the active ingredient.
- NOW Foods Selenium, Nature's Bounty Selenium, etc

Other common form is Selenomethionine, as it is better absorbed (found in brazil nuts), but might be less effective?

Sodium selenite might protect against toxicity of AgNPs.

In the chemical synthesis of selenium nanoparticles, a precursor such as sodium selenite (Na₂SeO₃) is dissolved in water to form a homogenous solution. A reducing agent, like ascorbic acid or sodium borohydride (NaBH₄), is then added to the solution. The reducing agent donates electrons to the selenium ions (SeO32−SeO32), reducing them to elemental selenium (Se0Se^0). This reduction process leads to the nucleation of selenium atoms, which subsequently grow into nanoparticles through controlled aggregation.

Se NPs might be hepatoprotective.

Selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) are a biocompatible, less-toxic, 
and more controllable form of selenium compared to inorganic salts (like sodium selenite).
Major SeNPs hepatoprotective mechanisms
Mechanism	              Description	                       Key markers affected
1. Antioxidant activity	      SeNPs boost antioxidant enzyme          ↓ ROS, ↓ MDA, ↑ GSH, ↑ GPx
                              systems (GPx, SOD, CAT) and scavenge 
                              ROS directly.	
2. Anti-inflammatory effect   Downregulate NF-κB, TNF-α,              ↓ TNF-α, ↓ IL-1β, ↓ IL-6
                              IL-6, and COX-2 pathways.	
3. Anti-apoptotic action      Balance between Bcl-2/Bax and reduce    ↑ Bcl-2, ↓ Bax, ↓ Caspase-3
                              caspase-3 activation in hepatocytes.	
4. Metal/toxin chelation      SeNPs can bind or transform toxic       ↓ liver metal accumulation
                              metals (Cd²⁺, Hg²⁺, As³⁺) 
                              into less harmful complexes.	
5. Mitochondrial protection   Maintain membrane potential,            Preserved ΔΨm, ↑ ATP
                              prevent mitochondrial ROS burst, 
                              and ATP loss.	
6. Regeneration support	      Stimulate hepatocyte proliferation      ↑ PCNA, improved histology
                              and repair via redox signaling 
                              and selenoproteins.

Comparison: SeNPs vs. Sodium Selenite
Property	             SeNPs	                   Sodium Selenite
Toxicity	             Low	                   Moderate–high
Bioavailability	             Controlled, often slow-       Rapid, less controllable
                             release	
ROS balance	             Adaptive, mild antioxidant	   Can flip to pro-oxidant easily
Safety margin	             Wide	                   Narrow
Hepatoprotection	     Strong, sustained	           Protective at low dose, 
                                                           toxic at high dose
"30 mg of Na2SeO3.5H2O was added to 90 mL of Milli-Q water. Ascorbic acid (10 mL, 56.7 mM) was added dropwise to sodium selenite solution with vigorous stirring. 10 µL of polysorbate were added after each 2 ml of ascorbic acid. Selenium nanoparticles were formed after the addition of ascorbic acid. This can be visualized by a color change of the reactant solution from clear white to clear red. All solutions were made in a sterile environment by using a sterile cabinet and double distilled water."
Risk, Risk: Click to Expand ⟱
Source:
Type:
Risk
Scientific Papers found: Click to Expand⟱
4494- Se,    Advances in the study of selenium and human intestinal bacteria
- Review, IBD, NA - Review, Var, NA
*Risk↓, experts from Penn State University found that selenium levels in within individuals were strongly associated with the development of inflammatory bowel disease, and that lower selenium levels were associated with greater susceptibility to inflammator
OS↑, A study of more than 13,000 followers over 12 years found that serum Se levels ≥135 μg/L was associated with reduced cancer mortality
*CRP↓, selenium supplementation was found to reduce serum C-reactive protein levels and increase GPX levels, suggesting a positive effect of selenium on reducing inflammation and oxidative stress in cardiovascular disease
*GPx↑,
*Inflam↓,
*ROS↓,
*GutMicro↑, adequate or high levels of Se diet may optimize the intestinal microflora to prevent intestinal dysfunction and chronic diseases
*selenoP↑, Selenium intake in food also affects the selenium status and expression of selenoproteins in the host.
*other↓, Selenium deficiency is common in IBD patients, up to 30.9%

4500- Se,    Dietary selenium affects host selenoproteome expression by influencing the gut microbiota
- in-vivo, Nor, NA
*GutMicro↑, dietary selenium affects both composition of the intestinal microflora and colonization of the gastrointestinal tract, which, in turn, influence the host selenium status and selenoproteome expression.
Risk↓, Supplemental Se has been shown to be effective in decreasing incidence and mortality from several forms of cancer, including colon cancer, in both mouse models and humans
*GPx↑, GPx1 and MsrB1 is maximized at ∼0.15 ppm Se in the diet

4498- Se,    Selenium in Human Health and Gut Microflora: Bioavailability of Selenocompounds and Relationship With Diseases
- Review, Var, NA - Review, AD, NA - Review, IBD, NA
*Imm↑, Selenium is essential for the maintenance of the immune system, conversion of thyroid hormones, protection against the harmful action of heavy metals and xenobiotics as well as for the reduction of the risk of chronic diseases
*GutMicro↑, Selenium is able to balance the microbial flora avoiding health damage associated with dysbiosis.
*BioAv↑, highlighting their role in improving the bioavailability of selenocompounds
*Risk↓, Selenium deficiency may result in a phenotype of gut microbiota that is more susceptible to cancer, thyroid dysfunctions, inflammatory bowel disease, and cardiovascular disorders.
*Dose↝, highest sources of Se with concentrations that range from 1.80 to 320.80 μg Se/g
Risk↓, serum Se greater than or equal to 135 μg/L were associated with reduced cancer mortality
*CRP↓, Se supplementation decreases the serum levels of C-reactive protein and increases the levels of GPX, suggesting a positive effect on reduction of inflammation and oxidative stress in cardiovascular diseases
*GPx↓,
*Inflam↓,
*selenoP↑, SELENOP may be involved in some brain disorders, in particular in Alzheimer's disease, providing Se for brain tissue to produce selenoproteins.
*Dose↝, 100, 200, or 300 μg Se/day as Se-enriched yeast or placebo yeast. The results of this study warn that a 300-μg/day dose of Se (as Se yeast) taken for 5 years in a country with moderately low Se status can increase all-cause mortality by 10 years late
*ROS↓, Animals treated with SeCys and selenocystine showed a reduction in the concentration of ROS and malondialdehyde (MDA), as well as an increase in intestinal activity of SOD and GPX, which seems to indicate a protective effect against damage to the gut
*MDA↓,
*SOD↑,
*GPx↑,
*IL1↓, In addition, the levels of IL-1, MCP, IL-6, and TNF-α were significantly reduced in the group treated with SeCys
*MCP1↓,
*IL6↓,
*TNF-α↓,
Risk↓, higher SELENOP concentrations were inversely associated with colorectal cancer risk
*neuroP↑, Due to the antioxidant property of Se, some selenoproteins play a neuroprotective role
*memory↑, Long-term dietary supplementation (3 months) with Se-enriched yeast (Se-yeast) in triple transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer disease (AD), significantly improved spatial learning, retention of neuronal memory and activity

4497- Se,    Selenium and inflammatory bowel disease
- Review, Var, NA - Review, IBD, NA
*GutMicro↑, restoring gut homeostasis . gut microbiota is also altered by selenium deficiency.
*selenoP↑, selenoproteins that mediate gastrointestinal inflammation
*Inflam↓, crucial role for long-term (∼8 wk or more) selenium supplementation in suppressing gastrointestinal inflammation-based tissue damage,
Risk↓, SePP1 levels are inversely associated with the development of IBD and colorectal cancer
*NF-kB↓, ability of selenium to downregulate nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB)-dependent pathways
*ROS↓, reduce reactive oxygen specie

4496- Se,    Selenium status and survival from colorectal cancer in the European prospective investigation of cancer and nutrition
- Analysis, CRC, NA
Risk↝, Higher levels of Se showed non-significant inverse associations with reduction in both CRC and overall mortality
OS↑, We found no major association of Se status markers with survival after CRC diagnosis, but an association of SELENOP with overall mortality.

4495- Se,    Selenium status is associated with colorectal cancer risk in the European prospective investigation of cancer and nutrition cohort
- Study, CRC, NA
Risk↓, Higher Se concentrations were associated with a non-significant lower CRC risk
Dose↝, The findings indicate that Se status is suboptimal in many Europeans and suggest an inverse association between CRC risk and higher serum Se status, which is more evident in women.

4492- Se,    Selenium in cancer prevention: a review of the evidence and mechanism of action
- Review, Var, NA
Risk↓, Since as early as the 1960s geographical studies have shown a consistent trend for populations with low Se intakes to have higher cancer mortality rates
AntiCan↑, Interventions with Sehave shown benefit in reducing the risk of cancer incidence and mortality in all cancers combined, and specifically in liver, prostate, colo-rectal and lung cancers.
*selenoP↑, data showing an effect of selenoprotein genotype on cancer risk implies that selenoproteins are indeed implicated
TumMeta↓, There is some evidence that Se may affect not only cancer risk but also progression and metastasis.
*DNAdam↓, Supplementation of the diet of sexually-intact elderly male dogs with Se, as selenomethionine or high-Se yeast, at 3 or 6 ug/kg body weight per d for 7 months was found to reduce DNA damage and up-regulate epithelial cell apoptosis in their prostate
OS↑, significant secondary end-point effects of 50% lower total cancer mortality and 37% lower total cancer incidence were found, with fewer prostate, colo–rectal and lung cancers(200 ug Se (as Se-enriched yeast)/d
*ROS↓, ability of Se in selenoproteins to reduce oxidative stress is relevant to its anti-cancer effects.

4491- Se,  Chit,  VitC,    Synthesis of a Bioactive Composition of Chitosan–Selenium Nanoparticles
- Study, NA, NA
*ROS↓, chitosan-selenium nanoparticles has a corrective effect on the oxidative processes of the body, reducing the activity of free-radical oxidation in the blood of animals
*selenoP↑, Selenium is included in selenoproteins, which have a wide range of biological effects, including antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects.
*antiOx↑,
*Inflam↓,
*Risk↓, The lack of selenium in the body is a risk factor for the development of various pathologies.
*toxicity↓, Compared to organic and inorganic forms of selenium, selenium nanoparticles (NPs) exhibit lower toxicity and superior antioxidant, immunomodulatory, bactericidal, and antitumor activity
AntiTum↑,
Dose↝, NPs with sizes of 2–3 nm (33.4 wt %) and ~ 37 nm (66.6 wt %) are formed.

4486- Se,  Chit,    Selenium-Modified Chitosan Induces HepG2 Cell Apoptosis and Differential Protein Analysis
- in-vitro, Liver, HepG2
Apoptosis↑, selenium-modified chitosan (SMC)can induce HepG2 cell apoptosis with the cell cycle arrested in the S and G2/M phases
TumCCA↑,
MMP↓, gradual disruption of mitochondrial membrane potential
Bcl-2↓, reduce the expression of Bcl2, and improve the expression of Bax, cytochrome C, cleaved caspase 9, and cleaved caspase 3
BAX↑,
cl‑Casp9↑,
cl‑Casp3↑,
Risk↓, Relevant research suggests that an inverse relationship exists between selenium intake and cancer incidence, and selenium levels are usually lower in cancer patients.
*BioAv↑, favorable biocompatibility, good bioadhesivness, and low toxicity.
*toxicity↑,
TumCG↓, Studies have found that water-soluble chitosan can significantly inhibit the growth of liver cancer cells in a dose-dependent manner
AntiTum↑, SMC has been proved to possess stronger antitumor functions and lower toxicity in cancer patients
ROS↑, SMC induced A549 cell apoptosis via a reactive oxygen species–mediated mitochondrial apoptosis pathway, which upregulated Bax and downregulated Bcl2, promoted cytochrome C release from mitochondria to cytoplasm, and activated cleaved caspase 3
Cyt‑c↑,
Fas↑, upregulating the expression levels of Fas, FasL, and Fadd,
FasL↑,
FADD↑,

4485- Se,    Selenium stimulates the antitumour immunity: Insights to future research
- Review, NA, NA
*antiOx↑, At nutritional low doses, selenium, depending on its form, may act as an antioxidant, protecting against oxidative stress, supporting cell survival and growth, thus, plays a chemo-preventive role
chemoP↑,
ROS↑, at supra-nutritional higher pharmacological doses, selenium acts as pro-oxidant inducing redox signalling and cell death
Imm↑, selenium stimulates the immune system against cancer
selenoP↑, anti-oxidant through selenoproteins
*IL2↑, consumption of Se-enriched foods (200 μg per serving for 3 days) increases the levels of interleukin IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-13 and IL-22, indicating an activated Th2-type response
*IL4↑,
*TNF-α↓, taking selenised yeast (300 μg.day−1) downregulates the gene expression of tumour necrosis factor (TNF)α and transforming growth factor (TGF)β; thus, consequently inhibit the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in non-malignant prostate tissue
*TGF-β↓,
*EMT↓,
Risk↓, immune-enhancing effects of Se may reduce the risk of cancer
*GPx↑, chemo-preventive effects of Se are mainly mediated by the anti-oxidant function of selenoenzymes such as GPxs and TXNRDs [68] because Se supplementation increases both GPx1 and GPx4 activity in humans
*TrxR↑,

1704- Se,    Prospective study of toenail selenium levels and cancer among women
- Study, Var, NA
Risk∅, No inverse association was observed between selenium levels in toenails and cancer risk

1703- Se,    An Assessment of Serum Selenium Concentration in Women with Endometrial Cancer
- Study, EC, NA
Risk↓, The mean concentration of selenium was lower in patients with endometrial cancer than in healthy controls (60.63 µg/L (0.77 µmol/L) vs. 78.74 µg/L (0.99 µmol/L), respectively). strong correlation between lower selenium levels and the incidence of EC
selm↝, A strong correlation between the level of selenium in the blood serum and the risk of endometrial cancer indicates that patients with low levels should be a candidate group requiring appropriate preventive examinations.

1702- Se,    Supplemental Selenium May Decrease Ovarian Cancer Risk in African-American Women
- Human, Ovarian, NA
Risk↓, Women with the highest intakes of supplemental selenium (>20 μg/d) had an ∼30% lower risk of ovarian cancer than those with no supplemental intake
eff∅, There was also no association of dietary or supplemental zinc or copper intake with ovarian cancer.

1701- Se,    An Assessment of Serum Selenium Concentration in Women with Ovarian Cancer
- Human, Ovarian, NA
Risk↓, The mean concentration of selenium was lower among diseased ones than among controls (53.31 μg/L vs. 78.99 μg/L). A decrease in selenium concentration was noticed with the advancement of ovarian cancer.
Risk↓, a clear relationship between low selenium concentration and the occurrence of ovarian cancer was found
Dose∅, average concentration of selenium in the SELECT and Nutritional Prevention of Cancer Trial was approximately 135 [47] and 114 µg/L [75], respectively.

1700- Se,    Metabolism of Selenium, Selenocysteine, and Selenoproteins in Ferroptosis in Solid Tumor Cancers
- Review, Var, NA
Dose↝, In humans, the optimal range of Se in the serum is around 125 μg/L
Risk↑, Additionally, serum Se levels > 150 μg/L were associated with a modest increase in cancer mortality among adults in the United States.
Dose↝, same study also noticed a rise in cancer mortality with serum Se levels below 130 μg/L, which could be considered optimal
Risk↓, other side of the curve, inadequate amounts of Se or Se deficiency are also linked to an elevated risk of several diseases.

1698- Se,    Association between Dietary Zinc and Selenium Intake, Oxidative Stress-Related Gene Polymorphism, and Colorectal Cancer Risk in Chinese Population - A Case-Control Study
- Human, CRC, NA
Risk↓, Intake of selenium was found to be inversely associated with CRC risk, while zinc was not associated with CRC risk.

1697- Se,  Calc,    Calcium intake may explain the reduction of colorectal cancer odds by dietary selenium - a case-control study in Poland
- Human, CRC, NA
Risk↓, dietary selenium was associated with the decrease of colorectal cancer odds by 8% (OR = 0.92, 95%CI: 0.84–0.99 for every 10μg Se/day increase).
Risk↓, In individuals with lower (< 1000 mg/day) calcium content the odds of CRC was decreased by 13%(for every 10μg Se/day) and by 44% and 66% depending on the categories of selenium intake (60 to < 80 μg/day and ≥ 80 μg/day, respectively).
Dose∅, These authors, however, considered higher doses of selenium, and they observed a decrease in the CRC odds ratio across 81–99 μg/day, 100–118 μg/day, and 119–145 μg/day intake categories with no effect among higher than 145 μg/day doses.
AntiCan↑, protective effect of selenium has been observed also in the North Carolina Colon Cancer Study-Phase II by Williams [12], with the risk reduction estimate of 45% in the highest quartile of dietary selenium category

1695- Se,    Serum Selenium Concentration as a Potential Diagnostic Marker for Early-Stage Colorectal Cancer: A Comparative Study
- Trial, CRC, NA
Risk↓, Selenium deficiency is an established risk factor for colorectal cancer. It is believed that selenium supplementation and eating fish or foods rich in selenium and folic acid are factors modifying the incidence and development of colorectal cancer.
selm↑, Colorectal cancer patients had significantly lower serum selenium concentration than the comparison patients (67.24±15.55 μg/L vs 78.81±12.93 μg/L; P<0.001), and selenium concentration was below the reference range in a high percentage of colorectal
Dose↓, Mean selenium concentration differed significantly between both groups; 67.24±15.55 μg/L in the study group vs 78.81±12.93 μg/L in the comparison group (Figure 1; P<0.001). Selenium concentrations in the CRC patients were seldom within the reference
antiOx↑, Selenium has a strong antioxidant effect, although its excess causes toxic effects.
Dose↑, Therefore, selenium supplementation can be justified in people whose microelement concentration is in the lowest tertile (≤105.2 ng/mL)
Dose↝, arod et al showed that selenium supplementation in the Polish population should be considered in people with serum selenium concentration below 70 μg/L, with the aim of maintaining the concentration in the range of 70–90 μg/L

1693- Se,    Prediagnostic selenium status, selenoprotein gene variants and association with breast cancer risk in a European cohort study
- Analysis, BC, NA
Risk↓, Selenium (Se) may help prevent breast cancer (BC) development.
other∅, Higher Se status does not appear to be associated with BC risk, although activity of the selenoenzyme GPX3 may be inversely associated with premenopausal BC risk, and SNPs in the Se pathway alone or in combination with suboptimal Se status may influe

1692- Se,    Association of Selenoprotein and Selenium Pathway Genotypes with Risk of Colorectal Cancer and Interaction with Selenium Status
- Analysis, CRC, NA
Risk↓, study suggests that SNPs in the Se pathway alone or in combination with suboptimal Se status may contribute to CRC development.

1691- Se,    The influence of selenium and selenoprotein gene variants on colorectal cancer risk
- Analysis, CRC, NA
Risk↓, Low intake of the micronutrient selenium (Se) has been implicated as a risk factor in CRC

1688- Se,    Potential Role of Selenium in the Treatment of Cancer and Viral Infections
- Review, Var, NA
IL2↑, in mice promoted T cell receptor signaling that pushed T cell differentiation toward a Th1 phenotype by increasing interleukin -2 (IL-2) and interferon gamma (INF-γ) production
INF-γ↑,
Th1 response↑, 18 human subjects treated with 200 μg selenium-enriched broccoli daily for three days showed that selenium supplementation resulted in substantially higher levels of both Th1 and Th2 cytokines secreted by peripheral blood mononuclear cells
Th2↑,
Dose↑, Wang et al. on hens supplemented selenium (5 mg/kg, 10 mg/kg, and 15 mg/kg) orally for three time periods (15, 30, and 45 days) found that excessive selenium intake leads to a substantial reduction in the amount of IFN-γ and IL-2 cytokines
AntiCan∅, after 5.5 years, the results of this study revealed no relationship between selenium supplementation and prostate cancer risk reduction in men with low selenium levels
Risk↑, instead, they discovered that taking selenium supplements raised the high-grade prostate cancer risk in men who had high selenium levels
chemoP↑, selenium provided protection of normal tissues from drug-induced toxicity
Hif1a↓, Selenium down-regulates HIFs,
VEGF↓, leading to the subsequent down-regulation in expression of several genes including those involved in angiogenesis such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)
selectivity↑, Selenium also helps with DNA repair in response to DNA-damaging agents, which improves the effectiveness of chemotherapeutic agents by protecting normal cells from their toxicity.
*GADD45A↑, selenium protected WT-MEF from DNA damage in a p53-dependent manner by increasing the expression of p53-dependent DNA repair proteins such as XPC, XPE, and Gadd45a. Thus, cells lacking p53, such as tumor cells, did not receive the same protection
NRF2↓, a defined dose and schedule of selenium down-regulates and up-regulates Nrf2 in tumor tissue and normal tissue, respectively
*NRF2↑, a defined dose and schedule of selenium up-regulates Nrf2 in normal tissue
ChemoSen↑, These differential effects were associated with selective sensitization of tumor tissues to subsequent treatment with chemotherapy. Overactivation of Nrf2 increases the expression of MRPs, consequently decreasing the effectiveness of chemotherapy .
angioG↓, The inhibition of hypoxia-induced activation of HIF-1α and VEGF by knocking down Nrf2 suppresses angiogenesis, demonstrating a crosstalk mechanism between Nrf2 and HIF-1α in angiogenesis
PrxI↓, Selenium was shown to reduce drug detoxification and increase cytotoxic effects of anti-cancer drugs in tumor cells through suppression of the Nrf2/Prx1 pathway,
ChemoSideEff↓, showed that selenium supplementation attenuated the cardiotoxic effects of doxorubicin by decreasing oxidative stress and inflammation through Nrf2 pathway activation
eff↑, combination of niacin and selenium reduced the reactive oxygen species generated by sepsis and diminished the resultant lung injury by upregulating Nrf2 signaling

1706- Se,    Selenium in Prostate Cancer: Prevention, Progression, and Treatment
- Review, Pca, NA
Risk∅, randomized controlled studies have shown that selenium supplementation does not prevent prostate cancer (HR: 0.95; 95% CI 0.80–1.13).
ChemoSen↑, In the context of combinatorial therapy, selenium has demonstrated promising synergistic potential in the treatment of prostate cancer.
Risk↓, Moreover, there is increasing evidence suggesting that selenium can serve as a preventive agent, and the levels of selenium in the bloodstream may be linked to the development of prostate cancer
toxicity↝, Interestingly, both low and high levels of selenium have shown potential implications.
Risk↑, Generally, lower serum selenium status has been correlated with an increased risk of cancer.
eff↑, Furthermore, foundational studies have proposed that antioxidants, such as vitamin E and lycopene [50], may enhance the effectiveness of selenium in preventing the formation of mammary tumors.
*toxicity↑, selenium supplementation after diagnosis and found that supplementation of 140 μg/day or more following a nonmetastatic prostate cancer diagnosis increased prostate cancer mortality.
RadioS↑, Sodium selenite, for instance, has demonstrated a significant enhancement of the radiosensitizing effect in both HI–LAPC-4 and PC-3 xenograft tumors
eff↓, Additionally, another study [59] provided valuable evidence indicating that prostate cancer patients with low levels of selenium and lycopene are more susceptible to DNA damage induced by ionizing radiation.
eff↑, Husbeck et al. highlighted that selenite increases sensitivity to gamma radiation in prostate cancer by reducing the ratio of GSH:GSSG
ChemoSen↑, while selenium supplementation alone did not demonstrate a positive effect on prostate cancer progression, it shows promise in enhancing the efficacy of chemotherapy and radiotherapy while mitigating their associated side effects during cancer treatm
ChemoSideEff↓,

2142- Se,    A U-shaped association between selenium intake and cancer risk
- Review, NA, NA
*Risk↝, We observed a U-shaped association between selenium intake and cancer risk.
Dose↝, A safe intake ranged from 110.8 to 124.4 µg/day (mean 117.8 µg/day).
*Risk↓, individuals with the lowest intake (i.e., 27.8–77.2 µg/day) were associated with an increased risk of cancer (ie higher levels means lower risk)

2141- Se,    Selenium and cancer risk: Wide-angled Mendelian randomization analysis
- Review, NA, NA
Dose↝, Nonetheless, a nutrition survey in US people indicated that a trivial proportion of the population had serum levels of selenium >170 ng/mL
Risk↝, Evidence on the association between selenium and cancer risk is inconclusive

2140- Se,    Selenium Exposure and Cancer Risk: an Updated Meta-analysis and Meta-regression
- Review, Var, NA
Risk↓, High selenium exposure- It decreased the risk of breast cancer, lung cancer, esophageal cancer, gastric cancer and prostate cancer, but it was not associated with colorectal cancer, bladder cancer and skin cancer.
antiOx↑, The major positive effect may be contributed by the antioxidant function of GPxs and selenoprotein P
eff↑, High selenium exposure could decrease cancer risk, especially high plasma/serum selenium and toenail selenium.
eff↝, High selenium exposure may have dissimilar effects on specific types of cancer.


* indicates research on normal cells as opposed to diseased cells
Total Research Paper Matches: 26

Results for Effect on Cancer/Diseased Cells:
angioG↓,1,   AntiCan↑,2,   AntiCan∅,1,   antiOx↑,2,   AntiTum↑,2,   Apoptosis↑,1,   BAX↑,1,   Bcl-2↓,1,   cl‑Casp3↑,1,   cl‑Casp9↑,1,   chemoP↑,2,   ChemoSen↑,3,   ChemoSideEff↓,2,   Cyt‑c↑,1,   Dose↓,1,   Dose↑,2,   Dose↝,7,   Dose∅,2,   eff↓,1,   eff↑,4,   eff↝,1,   eff∅,1,   FADD↑,1,   Fas↑,1,   FasL↑,1,   Hif1a↓,1,   IL2↑,1,   Imm↑,1,   INF-γ↑,1,   MMP↓,1,   NRF2↓,1,   OS↑,3,   other∅,1,   PrxI↓,1,   RadioS↑,1,   Risk↓,22,   Risk↑,3,   Risk↝,2,   Risk∅,2,   ROS↑,2,   selectivity↑,1,   selenoP↑,1,   selm↑,1,   selm↝,1,   Th1 response↑,1,   Th2↑,1,   toxicity↝,1,   TumCCA↑,1,   TumCG↓,1,   TumMeta↓,1,   VEGF↓,1,  
Total Targets: 51

Results for Effect on Normal Cells:
antiOx↑,2,   BioAv↑,2,   CRP↓,2,   DNAdam↓,1,   Dose↝,2,   EMT↓,1,   GADD45A↑,1,   GPx↓,1,   GPx↑,4,   GutMicro↑,4,   IL1↓,1,   IL2↑,1,   IL4↑,1,   IL6↓,1,   Imm↑,1,   Inflam↓,4,   MCP1↓,1,   MDA↓,1,   memory↑,1,   neuroP↑,1,   NF-kB↓,1,   NRF2↑,1,   other↓,1,   Risk↓,4,   Risk↝,1,   ROS↓,5,   selenoP↑,5,   SOD↑,1,   TGF-β↓,1,   TNF-α↓,2,   toxicity↓,1,   toxicity↑,2,   TrxR↑,1,  
Total Targets: 33

Scientific Paper Hit Count for: Risk, Risk
26 Selenium
2 chitosan
1 Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid)
1 Calcium
Filter Conditions: Pro/AntiFlg:%  IllCat:%  CanType:%  Cells:%  prod#:149  Target#:785  State#:%  Dir#:%
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