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| Berberine is a chemical found in some plants like European barberry, goldenseal, goldthread, Oregon grape, phellodendron, and tree turmeric. Berberine is a bitter-tasting and yellow-colored chemical. Coptis (commonly referring to Coptidis Rhizoma, a traditional Chinese medicinal herb) contains bioactive alkaloids (most notably berberine and coptisine) that have been studied for their pharmacological effects—including their influence on reactive oxygen species (ROS) and related pathways. – Berberine is known for its relatively low oral bioavailability, often cited at less than 1%. This low bioavailability is mainly due to poor intestinal absorption and active efflux by transport proteins such as P-glycoprotein. – Despite the low bioavailability, berberine is still pharmacologically active, and its metabolites may also contribute to its overall effects. • Effective Dosage in Studies – Many clinical trials or preclinical studies use dosages in the range of 500 to 1500 mg per day, typically administered in divided doses. – Therefore, to obtain a bioactive dose of berberine, supplementation in a standardized extract form is necessary. -IC50 in cancer cell lines: Approximately 10–100 µM (commonly around 20–50 µM in many models) -IC50 in normal cell lines: Generally higher (often above 100 µM), although this can vary with cell type - In vivo studies: Dosing regimens in animal models generally range from about 50 to 200 mg/kg -Note half-life reports vary 2.5-90hrs?. -low solubility of apigenin in water : BioAv Pathways: - induce ROS production - ROS↑ related: MMP↓(ΔΨm), ER Stress↑, Ca+2↑, Cyt‑c↑, Caspases↑, DNA damage↑, UPR↑, cl-PARP↑, HSP↓ - Lowers AntiOxidant defense in Cancer Cells: NRF2↓, GSH↓ - Raises AntiOxidant defense in Normal Cells: NRF2↑, SOD↑, GSH↑, Catalase↑, - lowers Inflammation : NF-kB↓, COX2↓, p38↓, Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines : IL-1β↓, TNF-α↓, IL-6↓, IL-8↓ - PI3K/AKT(Inhibition), JAK/STATs, Wnt/β-catenin, AMPK, MAPK/ERK, and JNK. - inhibit Growth/Metastases : , MMPs↓, MMP2↓, MMP9↓, IGF-1↓, uPA↓, VEGF↓, ROCK1↓, FAK↓, RhoA↓, NF-κB↓, CXCR4↓, TGF-β↓, α-SMA↓, ERK↓ - reactivate genes thereby inhibiting cancer cell growth : HDAC↓, DNMT1↓, EZH2↓, P53↑, HSP↓ - cause Cell cycle arrest : TumCCA↑, cyclin D1↓, cyclin E↓, CDK2↓, CDK4↓, CDK6↓, - inhibits Migration/Invasion : TumCMig↓, TumCI↓, FAK↓, ERK↓, - inhibits glycolysis /Warburg Effect and ATP depletion : HIF-1α↓, PKM2↓, cMyc↓, GLUT1↓, LDH↓, LDHA↓, HK2↓, PFKs↓, PDKs↓, Glucose↓, GlucoseCon↓ - inhibits angiogenesis↓ : VEGF↓, HIF-1α↓, Notch↓, FGF↓, PDGF↓, EGFR↓, Integrins↓, - inhibits Cancer Stem Cells : CSC↓, Hh↓, GLi1↓, CD133↓, β-catenin↓, n-myc↓, sox2↓, notch2↓, nestin↓, OCT4↓, - Others: PI3K↓, AKT↓, JAK↓, STAT↓, Wnt↓, β-catenin↓, AMPK↓, α↓, ERK↓, JNK, - Synergies: chemo-sensitization, chemoProtective, RadioSensitizer, RadioProtective, Others(review target notes), Neuroprotective, Cognitive, Renoprotection, Hepatoprotective, CardioProtective, - Selectivity: Cancer Cells vs Normal Cells |
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| Protein expression of ATF, GRP78, and GADD153 which is a hall marker of ER stress. The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress signaling pathway plays a crucial role in maintaining cellular homeostasis and responding to various stressors, including those encountered in cancer. When cells experience stress, such as the accumulation of misfolded proteins, they activate a series of signaling pathways collectively known as the unfolded protein response (UPR). The UPR aims to restore normal function by enhancing the protein-folding capacity of the ER, degrading misfolded proteins, and, if the stress is unresolved, triggering apoptosis. The activation of ER stress pathways can contribute to resistance against chemotherapy and targeted therapies. Cancer cells may utilize the UPR to survive treatment-induced stress, making it challenging to achieve effective therapeutic outcomes. -ER stress-associated proteins include: phosphorylation of PERK, eIF2α, ATF4, CHOP and cleaved-caspase 12 |
| 2680- | BBR, | PDT, | Photodynamic therapy-triggered nuclear translocation of berberine from mitochondria leads to liver cancer cell death |
| - | in-vitro, | Liver, | HUH7 |
| 2683- | BBR, | Berberine reduces endoplasmic reticulum stress and improves insulin signal transduction in Hep G2 cells |
| - | in-vitro, | Liver, | HepG2 |
| 2681- | BBR, | PDT, | Berberine-photodynamic induced apoptosis by activating endoplasmic reticulum stress-autophagy pathway involving CHOP in human malignant melanoma cells |
| - | in-vitro, | Melanoma, | NA |
| 2679- | BBR, | Berberine Improves Behavioral and Cognitive Deficits in a Mouse Model of Alzheimer’s Disease via Regulation of β-Amyloid Production and Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress |
| - | in-vivo, | AD, | NA |
| 2677- | BBR, | Liposome-Encapsulated Berberine Alleviates Liver Injury in Type 2 Diabetes via Promoting AMPK/mTOR-Mediated Autophagy and Reducing ER Stress: Morphometric and Immunohistochemical Scoring |
| - | in-vivo, | Diabetic, | NA |
| 2676- | BBR, | Berberine protects rat heart from ischemia/reperfusion injury via activating JAK2/STAT3 signaling and attenuating endoplasmic reticulum stress |
| - | in-vivo, | Nor, | NA | - | in-vivo, | CardioV, | NA |
| 2675- | BBR, | The therapeutic effects of berberine against different diseases: A review on the involvement of the endoplasmic reticulum stress |
| - | Review, | Var, | NA |
| 2698- | BBR, | A gene expression signature-based approach reveals the mechanisms of action of the Chinese herbal medicine berberine |
| - | Analysis, | BC, | MDA-MB-231 |
| 1402- | BBR, | Berberine-induced apoptosis in human glioblastoma T98G cells is mediated by endoplasmic reticulum stress accompanying reactive oxygen species and mitochondrial dysfunction |
| - | in-vitro, | GBM, | T98G |
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