Apigenin (mainly Parsley) Cancer Research Results

Api, Apigenin (mainly Parsley): Click to Expand ⟱
Features:

Apigenin — a plant-derived flavone (4′,5,7-trihydroxyflavone) abundant in parsley/celery/chamomile and other dietary sources, often abbreviated APG (or “Api” in some indexes). It is a small-molecule polyphenol classified as a dietary phytochemical/nutraceutical candidate with broad pleiotropic signaling effects in oncology models (cell-cycle control, apoptosis, inflammatory signaling, metabolic stress, and invasion/angiogenesis programs), but with important translation constraints driven by low aqueous solubility and extensive phase-II conjugation.

Primary mechanisms (ranked):

  1. Pleiotropic pro-apoptotic / cell-cycle checkpoint engagement (mitochondrial apoptosis, caspases; CDK/cyclin suppression; p53 context-dependent)
  2. PI3K–AKT–MAPK signaling suppression with downstream anti-proliferative and anti-migration effects
  3. Inflammation axis suppression (NF-κB; COX-2 and pro-inflammatory cytokine programs)
  4. Redox stress reprogramming (often ROS↑ in cancer models; antioxidant/NRF2 effects are context-dependent and can diverge between cancer vs normal cells)
  5. HIF-1α–glycolysis downshift with ATP stress (model-dependent)
  6. Anti-invasive / anti-EMT programs (FAK/integrins; MMP/uPA; EMT markers)
  7. Epigenetic modulation (HDAC/DNMT/EZH2 axes; context-dependent)
  8. Anti-angiogenic signaling (VEGF/related programs; model-dependent)
  9. Stemness pathway pressure (Hh/GLI, CK2; model-dependent)
  10. Chemo-/death-ligand sensitization (e.g., TRAIL sensitization reported in preclinical systems)

Bioavailability / PK relevance: Oral apigenin exposure is commonly limited by poor water solubility and extensive first-pass metabolism (glucuronidation/sulfation). Human data indicate circulating apigenin is largely present as conjugated metabolites, and dietary intake can yield only low (typically sub-µM) systemic levels; lipidic/self-emulsifying formulations can increase exposure in vivo (formulation-dependent). Reported half-life/kinetic parameters vary widely across studies and matrices.

In-vitro vs systemic exposure relevance: Many anti-cancer in vitro studies use ~10–50+ µM apigenin, which can exceed typical achievable free aglycone systemic levels after oral intake; some effects may therefore be high-concentration or formulation-enabled rather than diet-achievable. Tissue-local exposure (GI lumen, local mucosa) may be higher than plasma, and conjugate biology may contribute (context-dependent).

Clinical evidence status: Predominantly preclinical oncology evidence (cell and animal models) with limited, non-definitive human cancer interventional data; at least one pilot clinical study concept exists/has been registered (status-dependent). Strongest human evidence base is for non-cancer indications and general bioactivity rather than oncology efficacy.

Apigenin present in parsley, celery, chamomile, oranges and beverages such as tea, beer and wine.
"It exhibits cell growth arrest and apoptosis in different types of tumors such as breast, lung, liver, skin, blood, colon, prostate, pancreatic, cervical, oral, and stomach, by modulating several signaling pathways."
-Note half-life reports vary 2.5-90hrs?.
-low solubility of apigenin in water : BioAv (improves when mixed with oil/dietary fat or lipid based formulations)
-best oil might be MCT oils (medium-chain fatty acids)


Pathways:
- Often considered an antioxidant, in cancer cells it can paradoxically induce ROS production
(one report that goes against most others, by lowering ROS in cancer cells but still effective)
- ROS↑ related: MMP↓(ΔΨm), ER Stress↑, Ca+2↑, Cyt‑c↑, Caspases↑, DNA damage↑, UPR↑, cl-PARP↑, HSP↓
- Lowers AntiOxidant defense in Cancer Cells: NRF2↓, GSH↓ (Conflicting evidence about Nrf2)
        - Combined with Metformin (reduces Nrf2) amplifies ROS production in cancer cells while sparing normal cells.
- Raises AntiOxidant defense in Normal Cells: NRF2↑, SOD↑, GSH↑, Catalase↑,
- lowers Inflammation : NF-kB↓, COX2↓, p38↓, Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines : IL-1β↓, TNF-α↓, IL-6↓, IL-8↓
- inhibit Growth/Metastases : , MMPs↓, MMP2↓, MMP9↓, IGF-1↓, uPA↓, VEGF↓, ERK↓
- reactivate genes thereby inhibiting cancer cell growth : HDAC↓, DNMT1↓, DNMT3A↓, EZH2↓, P53↑, HSP↓
- cause Cell cycle arrest : TumCCA↑, cyclin D1↓, cyclin E↓, CDK2↓, CDK4↓, CDK6↓,
- inhibits Migration/Invasion : TumCMig↓, TumCI↓, FAK↓, ERK↓,
- inhibits glycolysis and ATP depletion : HIF-1α↓, PKM2↓, cMyc↓, PDK1↓, GLUT1↓, LDHA↓, HK2↓, Glucose↓, GlucoseCon↓
- inhibits angiogenesis↓ : VEGF↓, HIF-1α↓, PDGF↓, EGFR↓, Integrins↓,
- inhibits Cancer Stem Cells : CSC↓, CK2↓, Hh↓, GLi↓, GLi1↓,
- Others: PI3K↓, AKT↓, JAK↓, 1, 2, 3, STAT↓, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, Wnt↓, β-catenin↓, AMPK↓,, α↓,, ERK↓, 5↓, JNK↓,
- Shown to modulate the nuclear translocation of SREBP-2 (related to cholesterol).
- Synergies: chemo-sensitization, chemoProtective, RadioSensitizer, RadioProtective, Others(review target notes)
        -Ex: other flavonoids(chrysin, Luteolin, querectin) curcumin, metformin, sulforaphane, ASA
Neuroprotective, Renoprotection, Hepatoprotective, CardioProtective,
- Selectivity: Cancer Cells vs Normal Cells

Apigenin exhibits biological effects (anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, neuroprotective, etc.) typically at concentrations roughly in the range of 1–50 µM.

Parsley microgreens can contain up to 2-3 times more apigenin than mature parsley.
Apigenin is typically measured in the range of 1-10 μM for biological activity. Assuming a molecular weight of 270 g/mol for apigenin, we can estimate the following μM concentrations:
10uM*5L(blood)*270g/mol=13.5mg apigenin (assumes 100% bioavailability)
then an estimated 10-20 mg of apigenin per 100 g of fresh weight parlsey
2.2mg/g of apigenin fresh parsley
45mg/g of apigenin in dried parsley (wikipedia)
so 100g of parsley might acheive 10uM blood serum level (100% bioavailability)
BUT bioavailability is only 1-5%
(Supplements available in 75mg liposomal)( Apigenin Pro Liposomal, 200 mg from mcsformulas.com)

A study had 2g/kg bw (meaning 160g for 80kg person) delivered a maximum 0.13uM of plasma concentration @ 7.2hrs.
Assuming parsley is 90-95% water, then that would be ~16g of dried parsley
Conclusion: to reach 10uM would seem very difficult by oral ingestion of parsley.
Other quotes:
      “4g of dried parsley will be enough for 50kg adult”
      5mg/kg BW yields 16uM, so 80Kg person means 400mg (if dried parsley is 130mg/g, then would need 3g/d)
In many cancer cell lines, concentrations in the range of approximately 20–40 µM have been reported to shift apigenin’s activity from mild antioxidant effects (or negligible ROS changes) toward a clear pro-oxidant effect with measurable ROS increases.

Low doses: At lower concentrations, apigenin is more likely to exhibit its antioxidant properties, scavenging ROS and protecting cells from oxidative stress.
In normal cells with robust antioxidant systems, apigenin’s antioxidant effects might prevail, whereas cancer cells—often characterized by an already high level of basal ROS—can be pushed over the oxidative threshold by increased ROS production induced by apigenin.
In environments with lower free copper levels, this pro-oxidant activity is less pronounced, and apigenin may tilt the balance toward its antioxidant function.

Apigenin — cancer-relevant mechanistic pathway matrix

Rank Pathway / Axis Cancer Cells Normal Cells TSF Primary Effect Notes / Interpretation
1 Mitochondrial apoptosis program ΔΨm ↓, Cyt-c ↑, Caspase cascade ↑, apoptosis ↑ ↔ to protective (model-dependent) R Pro-apoptotic stress commitment Frequently reported core phenotype across tumor models; may be downstream of ROS and kinase-network suppression.
2 Cell-cycle control Cyclin D1/E ↓, CDK2/4/6 ↓, arrest ↑ ↔ G Anti-proliferative checkpointing Often couples to p53/p21 context and growth-factor signaling downshift.
3 PI3K / AKT / MAPK PI3K ↓, AKT ↓, ERK ↓ (model-dependent) ↔ R Growth and survival signaling suppression High industry relevance; provides a convergent explanation for anti-growth and anti-migration phenotypes.
4 NF-κB / COX-2 inflammatory axis NF-κB ↓, COX-2 ↓, inflammatory cytokine programs ↓ Inflammatory tone ↓ G Anti-inflammatory microenvironment pressure Relevant to tumor-promoting inflammation and stromal signaling (context-dependent).
5 ROS modulation ROS ↑ (often), DNA damage ↑, ER stress ↑ (model-dependent) ROS injury ↓ / antioxidant support ↑ (context-dependent) P Redox stress bifurcation (tumor vs normal) Frequently described “paradox”: pro-oxidant stress in tumors while normal cells may show antioxidant protection; not universal.
6 NRF2 / antioxidant defense NRF2 ↓, GSH ↓ (often) ↔ (conflicting) NRF2 ↑, SOD ↑, GSH ↑ (context-dependent) G Antioxidant program reprogramming Direction is context- and model-dependent; important for interpreting chemo-compatibility and ROS claims.
7 HIF-1α / glycolysis HIF-1α ↓, glycolysis ↓, ATP ↓ (model-dependent) ↔ G Metabolic stress / Warburg pressure Reported suppression of glycolysis nodes (e.g., GLUT1/LDHA/HK2/PKM2/PDK1) in some models; may be concentration-sensitive.
8 Migration / invasion and EMT EMT ↓, FAK ↓, integrin signaling ↓, MMPs ↓, uPA ↓ ↔ G Anti-metastatic phenotypes Often downstream of kinase-network suppression and inflammatory tone changes.
9 Angiogenesis programs VEGF ↓ (model-dependent) ↔ G Anti-angiogenic signaling pressure Usually indirect via HIF-1α / inflammatory signaling and tumor-stromal coupling.
10 Epigenetic regulation HDAC ↓, DNMTs ↓, EZH2 ↓ (model-dependent) ↔ G Transcriptional reprogramming Mechanistically plausible but often secondary to upstream stress/kinase changes; evidence varies by model.
11 Cancer stemness pathways Hh/GLI ↓, CK2 ↓, CSC phenotypes ↓ (model-dependent) ↔ G Stemness pressure Typically preclinical; may matter for recurrence-resistance hypotheses.
12 Chemosensitization / death-ligand sensitization Sensitization ↑ (model-dependent) ↔ R Combination leverage Examples include TRAIL sensitization in vitro; translation depends on achievable exposure and interaction risk.
13 Clinical Translation Constraint Low solubility; conjugation-heavy PK; in-vitro concentration gap; potential CYP/UGT/SULT interactions Drug–supplement interaction risk relevant to both — Delivery and interaction limitations Oral free-aglycone systemic levels are often low; formulation can change exposure. In vitro CYP inhibition is reported (notably CYP3A4/2C9); apigenin can also inhibit conjugation pathways in models—caution with narrow-therapeutic-index drugs.

TSF

P: 0–30 min
R: 30 min–3 hr
G: >3 hr
Scientific Papers found: Click to Expand⟱
1551- Api,    Chemotherapeutic effects of Apigenin in breast cancer: Preclinical evidence and molecular mechanisms; enhanced bioavailability by nanoparticles
- Review, NA, NA
*BioAv↑,
1999- Api,  doxoR,    Apigenin ameliorates doxorubicin-induced renal injury via inhibition of oxidative stress and inflammation
- in-vitro, Nor, NRK52E - in-vitro, Nor, MPC5 - in-vitro, BC, 4T1 - in-vivo, NA, NA
neuroP↑, ChemoSen∅, RenoP↑, selectivity↑, chemoP↑, ROS↑, *ROS∅, *antiOx↑, *toxicity↓,
1565- Api,    Apigenin-7-glucoside induces apoptosis and ROS accumulation in lung cancer cells, and inhibits PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway
- in-vitro, Lung, A549 - in-vitro, Nor, BEAS-2B - in-vitro, Lung, H1975
TumCP↓, Apoptosis↑, TumCMig↓, TumCI↓, Cyt‑c↑, MDA↑, GSH↓, ROS↑, PI3K↓, Akt↓, mTOR↓,
1564- Api,    Apigenin-induced prostate cancer cell death is initiated by reactive oxygen species and p53 activation
- in-vitro, Pca, 22Rv1 - in-vivo, NA, NA
MDM2↓, NF-kB↓, p65↓, P21↑, ROS↑, GSH↓, MMP↓, Cyt‑c↑, Apoptosis↑, P53↑, eff↓, Bcl-xL↓, Bcl-2↓, BAX↑, Casp↑, TumCG↓, TumVol↓, TumW↓,
1563- Api,  MET,    Metformin-induced ROS upregulation as amplified by apigenin causes profound anticancer activity while sparing normal cells
- in-vitro, Nor, HDFa - in-vitro, PC, AsPC-1 - in-vitro, PC, MIA PaCa-2 - in-vitro, Pca, DU145 - in-vitro, Pca, LNCaP - in-vivo, NA, NA
selectivity↑, selectivity↑, selectivity↓, ROS↑, eff↑, tumCV↓, MMP↓, Dose∅, eff↓, DNAdam↑, Apoptosis↑, TumAuto↑, Necroptosis↑, p‑P53↑, BIM↑, BAX↑, p‑PARP↑, Casp3↑, Casp8↑, Casp9↑, Cyt‑c↑, Bcl-2↓, AIF↑, p62↑, LC3B↑, MLKL↑, p‑MLKL↓, RIP3↑, p‑RIP3↑, TumCG↑, TumW↓,
1562- Api,    Apigenin protects human melanocytes against oxidative damage by activation of the Nrf2 pathway
- in-vitro, Vit, NA
*SOD↑, *Catalase↑, *GPx↑, *MDA↓, *NRF2↑, *toxicity∅,
1561- Api,    Apigenin Reactivates Nrf2 Anti-oxidative Stress Signaling in Mouse Skin Epidermal JB6 P + Cells Through Epigenetics Modifications
- in-vivo, Nor, JB6
*NRF2↑, *DNMT1↓, *DNMT3A↓, *HDAC↓, *AntiCan↑,
1560- Api,    Apigenin as an anticancer agent
- Review, NA, NA
Apoptosis↑, Casp3∅, Casp8∅, TNF-α∅, Cyt‑c↑, MMP2↓, MMP9↓, Snail↓, Slug↓, NF-kB↓, p50↓, PI3K↓, Akt↓, p‑Akt↓,
1559- Api,    Dually Active Apigenin-Loaded Nanostructured Lipid Carriers for Cancer Treatment
- in-vitro, Lung, A549 - in-vitro, BC, MCF-7 - in-vitro, BC, MDA-MB-231
Dose↓, selectivity↑,
1558- Api,    Preparation, characterization and antitumor activity evaluation of apigenin nanoparticles by the liquid antisolvent precipitation technique
- in-vitro, Liver, HepG2
BioAv↑, *toxicity∅, eff↑,
1557- Api,    Preparation of apigenin nanocrystals using supercritical antisolvent process for dissolution and bioavailability enhancement
- in-vitro, Nor, NA
*BioAv↑,
1556- Api,    Dissolution and antioxidant potential of apigenin self nanoemulsifying drug delivery system (SNEDDS) for oral delivery
- Analysis, NA, NA
*BioAv↑, *Dose∅,
1555- Api,    USDA Database for the Flavonoid Content of Selected Foods
- Analysis, NA, NA
Dose?,
1554- Api,    A Review on Flavonoid Apigenin: Dietary Intake, ADME, Antimicrobial Effects, and Interactions with Human Gut Microbiota
- Review, NA, NA
*BioAv↑, *BioAv↑, *BioAv↑, *BioAv↓, *eff↑,
1553- Api,    Role of Apigenin in Cancer Prevention via the Induction of Apoptosis and Autophagy
- Review, NA, NA
Dose∅, TumVol↓, Dose∅, COX2↓, Hif1a↓, TumCCA↑, P53↑, P21↑, Casp3↑, DNAdam↑, TumAuto↝,
1552- Api,    Apigenin inhibits the growth of colorectal cancer through down-regulation of E2F1/3 by miRNA-215-5p
- in-vitro, CRC, HCT116
Apoptosis↑, TumCP↓, miR-215-5p↑, TumCCA↑, E2Fs↓,
2299- Api,    Flavonoids Targeting HIF-1: Implications on Cancer Metabolism
- Review, Var, NA
TumCP↓, angioG↓, Hif1a↓, VEGF↓, GLUT1↓, PKM2↓, Glycolysis↓,
1550- Api,    Formulation and characterization of an apigenin-phospholipid phytosome (APLC) for improved solubility, in vivo bioavailability, and antioxidant potential
- Analysis, NA, NA
*BioAv↑, *antiOx↑,
1549- Api,  Chemo,    Chemoprotective and chemosensitizing effects of apigenin on cancer therapy
- Review, NA, NA
ChemoSideEff↓, *toxicity∅, ChemoSen↑, eff↑, eff↑, eff↑,
1548- Api,    A comprehensive view on the apigenin impact on colorectal cancer: Focusing on cellular and molecular mechanisms
- Review, Colon, NA
*BioAv↓, *Half-Life∅, selectivity↑, *toxicity↓, Wnt/(β-catenin)↓, P53↑, P21↑, PI3K↓, Akt↓, mTOR↓, TumCCA↑, TumCI↓, TumCMig↓, STAT3↓, PKM2↓, EMT↓, cl‑PARP↑, Casp3↑, Bax:Bcl2↑, VEGF↓, Hif1a↓, Dose∅, GLUT1↓, GlucoseCon↓,
1547- Api,    Apigenin: Molecular Mechanisms and Therapeutic Potential against Cancer Spreading
- Review, NA, NA
angioG↓, EMT↓, CSCs↓, TumCCA↑, Dose∅, ROS↑, MMP↓, Catalase↓, GSH↓, PI3K↓, Akt↓, NF-kB↓, OCT4↓, Nanog↓, SIRT3↓, SIRT6↓, eff↑, eff↑, Cyt‑c↑, Bax:Bcl2↑, p‑GSK‐3β↓, FOXO3↑, p‑STAT3↓, MMP2↓, MMP9↓, COX2↓, MMPs↓, NRF2↓, HDAC↓, Telomerase↓, eff↑, eff↑, eff↑, eff↑, eff↑, XIAP↓, survivin↓, CK2↓, HSP90↓, Hif1a↓, FAK↓, EMT↓,
1546- Api,    Apigenin in Cancer Prevention and Therapy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Animal Models
- Review, NA, NA
TumVol↓, TumW↓, AntiCan↑, Apoptosis↑, TumCCA↑,
1545- Api,    The Potential Role of Apigenin in Cancer Prevention and Treatment
- Review, NA, NA
TNF-α↓, IL6↓, IL1α↓, P53↑, Bcl-xL↓, Bcl-2↓, BAX↑, Hif1a↓, VEGF↓, TumCCA↑, DNAdam↑, Apoptosis↑, CycB/CCNB1↓, cycA1/CCNA1↓, CDK1↓, PI3K↓, Akt↓, mTOR↓, IKKα↓, ERK↓, p‑Akt↓, p‑P70S6K↓, p‑S6↓, p‑ERK↓, p‑P90RSK↑, STAT3↓, MMP2↓, MMP9↓, TumCP↓, TumCMig↓, TumCI↓, Wnt/(β-catenin)↓,
1544- Api,    The flavone apigenin blocks nuclear translocation of sterol regulatory element-binding protein-2 in the hepatic cells WRL-68
- in-vitro, Nor, WRL68
*SREBF2↓, *HMGCR↓, *Dose∅, *BioAv?,
1543- Api,    Therapeutical properties of apigenin: a review on the experimental evidence and basic mechanisms
- Review, NA, NA
TNF-α↓, IL1β↓, IL6↓, IL10↓, COX2↓, iNOS↓, Inflam↓, Dose∅, Dose∅,
1542- Api,    Bioavailability of Apigenin from Apiin-Rich Parsley in Humans
- Human, NA, NA
*BioAv?, *Half-Life?,
1541- Api,  EGCG,    Prospective cohort comparison of flavonoid treatment in patients with resected colorectal cancer to prevent recurrence
- Human, NA, NA
OS↑, Remission↓, Dose∅,
1540- Api,    Determination of Total Apigenin in Herbs by Micellar Electrokinetic Chromatography with UV Detection
- Analysis, NA, NA
*BioAv↑,
1539- Api,  LT,    Dietary flavones counteract phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate-induced SREBP-2 processing in hepatic cells
- in-vitro, Liver, HepG2
SREBP2↓, eff↑, p‑MEK↓, p‑ERK↓,
1538- Api,    Enhancing oral bioavailability using preparations of apigenin-loaded W/O/W emulsions: In vitro and in vivo evaluations
- in-vivo, Nor, NA
*BioAv↑,
1537- Api,    Apigenin as Tumor Suppressor in Cancers: Biotherapeutic Activity, Nanodelivery, and Mechanisms With Emphasis on Pancreatic Cancer
- Review, PC, NA
TumCP↓, TumCCA↑, Apoptosis↑, MMPs↓, Akt↓, *BioAv↑, *BioAv↓, Half-Life∅, Hif1a↓, GLUT1↓, VEGF↓, ChemoSen↑, ROS↑, Bcl-2↓, Bcl-xL↓, BAX↑, BIM↑,
2633- Api,    Apigenin induces ROS-dependent apoptosis and ER stress in human endometriosis cells
- in-vitro, EC, NA
TumCP↓, TumCCA↑, MMP↓, Ca+2↑, BAX↑, Cyt‑c↑, ROS↑, lipid-P↑, ER Stress↑, UPR↑, p‑ERK↓, ERK↓, JNK↑,
3886- Api,    Neuroprotective effects of apigenin against inflammation, neuronal excitability and apoptosis in an induced pluripotent stem cell model of Alzheimer’s disease
- in-vitro, AD, NA
*Inflam↓, *neuroP↑, *NO↓, *Apoptosis↓,
3885- Api,    Anti-Inflammatory and Neuroprotective Effect of Apigenin: Studies in the GFAP-IL6 Mouse Model of Chronic Neuroinflammation
- in-vivo, AD, NA
*memory↑, *Inflam↓, *neuroP↑,
3884- Api,    Neuroprotective, Anti-Amyloidogenic and Neurotrophic Effects of Apigenin in an Alzheimer’s Disease Mouse Model
- in-vivo, AD, NA
*memory↑, *Aβ↓, *BACE↓, *antiOx↑, *BDNF↑, *p‑CREB↑, *p‑ERK↑, *ROS↓, *SOD↑, *GPx↑, *neuroP↑,
3883- Api,    New approach to clearing toxic waste from brain
- Review, AD, NA
*AQPs↓,
3882- Api,    Enhancing Amyloid-β Clearance May Improve Brain Function in Alzheimer Disease
- Review, AD, NA
*AQPs↑, *Aβ↓,
2664- Api,    Progress in discovery and development of natural inhibitors of histone deacetylases (HDACs) as anti-cancer agents
- Review, Var, NA
HDAC↓,
3887- Api,    The flavonoid apigenin protects brain neurovascular coupling against amyloid-β₂₅₋₃₅-induced toxicity in mice
- in-vivo, AD, NA
*Inflam↓, *ROS↓, *Aβ↓, *memory↑, *AChE↓, *Ach↑, *Dose↑, *BDNF↑, *TrkB↑, *p‑CREB↑, *BBB↑, *Ca+2?,
2641- Api,    Apigenin inhibits HGF-promoted invasive growth and metastasis involving blocking PI3K/Akt pathway and beta 4 integrin function in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells
- in-vitro, BC, MDA-MB-231
TumCMig↓, TumCI↓, ITGB4↓,
2640- Api,    Apigenin: A Promising Molecule for Cancer Prevention
- Review, Var, NA
chemoPv↑, ITGB4↓, TumCI↓, TumMeta↓, Akt↓, ERK↓, p‑JNK↓, *Inflam↓, *PKCδ↓, *MAPK↓, EGFR↓, CK2↓, TumCCA↑, CDK1↓, P53↓, P21↑, Bax:Bcl2↑, Cyt‑c↑, APAF1↑, Casp↑, cl‑PARP↑, VEGF↓, Hif1a↓, IGF-1↓, IGFBP3↑, E-cadherin↑, β-catenin/ZEB1↓, HSPs↓, Telomerase↓, FASN↓, MMPs↓, HER2/EBBR2↓, CK2↓, eff↑, AntiAg↑, eff↑, FAK↓, ROS↑, Bcl-2↓, Cyt‑c↑, cl‑Casp3↑, cl‑Casp7↑, cl‑Casp8↑, cl‑Casp9↑, cl‑IAP2↑, AR↓, PSA↓, p‑pRB↓, p‑GSK‐3β↓, CDK4↓, ChemoSen↑, Ca+2↑, cal2↑,
2639- Api,    Plant flavone apigenin: An emerging anticancer agent
- Review, Var, NA
*antiOx↑, *Inflam↓, AntiCan↑, ChemoSen↑, BioEnh↑, chemoPv↑, IL6↓, STAT3↓, NF-kB↓, IL8↓, eff↝, Akt↓, PI3K↓, HER2/EBBR2↓, cycD1/CCND1↓, CycD3↓, p27↑, FOXO3↑, STAT3↓, MMP2↓, MMP9↓, VEGF↓, Twist↓, MMP↓, ROS↑, NADPH↑, NRF2↓, SOD↓, COX2↓, p38↑, Telomerase↓, HDAC↓, HDAC1↓, HDAC3↓, Hif1a↓, angioG↓, uPA↓, Ca+2↑, Bax:Bcl2↑, Cyt‑c↑, Casp9↑, Casp12↑, Casp3↑, cl‑PARP↑, E-cadherin↑, β-catenin/ZEB1↓, cMyc↓, CDK4↓, CDK2↓, CDK6↓, IGF-1↓, CK2↓, CSCs↓, FAK↓, Gli↓, GLUT1↓,
2638- Api,    Apigenin, by activating p53 and inhibiting STAT3, modulates the balance between pro-apoptotic and pro-survival pathways to induce PEL cell death
- in-vitro, lymphoma, PEL
TumCD↑, TumAuto↑, ROS↓, P53↑, Catalase↑, STAT3↓,
2637- Api,    Apigenin Alleviates Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress-Mediated Apoptosis in INS-1 β-Cells
- in-vitro, Diabetic, NA
*other↝, *Insulin↑, ER Stress↓, *CHOP↓, *cl‑Casp3↓, *ROS↓, *Inflam↓, *TXNIP↓,
2636- Api,    Apigenin unveiled: an encyclopedic review of its preclinical and clinical insights
- Review, NA, NA
*AntiCan↑, *cardioP↑, *neuroP↑, *Inflam↓, *antiOx↑, *hepatoP↑, ChemoSen↑,
2635- Api,  CUR,    Synergistic Effect of Apigenin and Curcumin on Apoptosis, Paraptosis and Autophagy-related Cell Death in HeLa Cells
- in-vitro, Cerv, HeLa
TumCD↑, eff↑, TumAuto↑, ER Stress↑, Paraptosis↑, GRP78/BiP↓, Dose↝,
2634- Api,    Apigenin induces both intrinsic and extrinsic pathways of apoptosis in human colon carcinoma HCT-116 cells
- in-vitro, CRC, HCT116
TumCG↓, TumCCA↑, MMP↓, ROS↑, Ca+2↑, ER Stress↑, mtDam↑, CHOP↑, DR5↑, cl‑BID↑, BAX↑, Cyt‑c↑, cl‑Casp3↑, cl‑Casp8↑, cl‑Casp9↑, Apoptosis↑,
1536- Api,    Apigenin causes necroptosis by inducing ROS accumulation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and ATP depletion in malignant mesothelioma cells
- in-vitro, MM, MSTO-211H - in-vitro, MM, H2452
tumCV↓, ROS↑, MMP↓, ATP↓, Apoptosis↑, Necroptosis↑, DNAdam↑, TumCCA↑, Casp3↑, cl‑PARP↑, MLKL↑, p‑RIP3↑, Bax:Bcl2↑, eff↓, eff↓,
2632- Api,    Apigenin inhibits migration and induces apoptosis of human endometrial carcinoma Ishikawa cells via PI3K-AKT-GSK-3β pathway and endoplasmic reticulum stress
- in-vitro, EC, NA
TumCP↓, TumCCA↑, Apoptosis↑, Bcl-2↓, BAX↑, Bak↑, Casp↑, ER Stress↑, Ca+2↑, ATF4↑, CHOP↑, ROS↑, MMP↓, TumCMig↓, TumCI↓, eff↑, P53↑, P21↑, Cyt‑c↑, Casp9↑, Casp3↑, Bcl-xL↓,
2631- Api,    Apigenin Induces Autophagy and Cell Death by Targeting EZH2 under Hypoxia Conditions in Gastric Cancer Cells
- in-vivo, GC, NA - in-vitro, GC, AGS
ER Stress↑, Hif1a↓, EZH2↓, HDAC↓, TumAuto↑, p‑mTOR↓, AMPKα↑, GRP78/BiP↑, ROS↑, MMP↓, Ca+2↑, ATF4↑, CHOP↑,

Showing Research Papers: 1 to 50 of 129
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* indicates research on normal cells as opposed to diseased cells
Total Research Paper Matches: 129

Pathway results for Effect on Cancer / Diseased Cells:


Redox & Oxidative Stress ⓘ

Catalase↓, 1,   Catalase↑, 1,   GSH↓, 3,   lipid-P↑, 1,   MDA↑, 1,   NRF2↓, 2,   ROS↓, 1,   ROS↑, 13,   SIRT3↓, 1,   SOD↓, 1,  

Mitochondria & Bioenergetics ⓘ

AIF↑, 1,   ATP↓, 1,   p‑MEK↓, 1,   MMP↓, 9,   mtDam↑, 1,   XIAP↓, 1,  

Core Metabolism/Glycolysis ⓘ

cMyc↓, 1,   FASN↓, 1,   GlucoseCon↓, 1,   Glycolysis↓, 1,   NADPH↑, 1,   PKM2↓, 2,   p‑S6↓, 1,   SREBP2↓, 1,  

Cell Death ⓘ

Akt↓, 8,   p‑Akt↓, 2,   APAF1↑, 1,   Apoptosis↑, 11,   Bak↑, 1,   BAX↑, 7,   Bax:Bcl2↑, 5,   Bcl-2↓, 6,   Bcl-xL↓, 4,   cl‑BID↑, 1,   BIM↑, 2,   Casp↑, 3,   Casp12↑, 1,   Casp3↑, 6,   Casp3∅, 1,   cl‑Casp3↑, 2,   cl‑Casp7↑, 1,   Casp8↑, 1,   Casp8∅, 1,   cl‑Casp8↑, 2,   Casp9↑, 3,   cl‑Casp9↑, 2,   CK2↓, 4,   Cyt‑c↑, 11,   DR5↑, 1,   cl‑IAP2↑, 1,   iNOS↓, 1,   JNK↑, 1,   p‑JNK↓, 1,   MDM2↓, 1,   MLKL↑, 2,   p‑MLKL↓, 1,   Necroptosis↑, 2,   p27↑, 1,   p38↑, 1,   Paraptosis↑, 1,   survivin↓, 1,   Telomerase↓, 3,   TumCD↑, 2,  

Kinase & Signal Transduction ⓘ

AMPKα↑, 1,   HER2/EBBR2↓, 2,  

Transcription & Epigenetics ⓘ

EZH2↓, 1,   p‑pRB↓, 1,   tumCV↓, 2,  

Protein Folding & ER Stress ⓘ

CHOP↑, 3,   ER Stress↓, 1,   ER Stress↑, 5,   GRP78/BiP↓, 1,   GRP78/BiP↑, 1,   HSP90↓, 1,   HSPs↓, 1,   UPR↑, 1,  

Autophagy & Lysosomes ⓘ

LC3B↑, 1,   p62↑, 1,   TumAuto↑, 4,   TumAuto↝, 1,  

DNA Damage & Repair ⓘ

DNAdam↑, 4,   P53↓, 1,   P53↑, 6,   p‑P53↑, 1,   p‑PARP↑, 1,   cl‑PARP↑, 4,   SIRT6↓, 1,  

Cell Cycle & Senescence ⓘ

CDK1↓, 2,   CDK2↓, 1,   CDK4↓, 2,   cycA1/CCNA1↓, 1,   CycB/CCNB1↓, 1,   cycD1/CCND1↓, 1,   CycD3↓, 1,   E2Fs↓, 1,   P21↑, 5,   TumCCA↑, 12,  

Proliferation, Differentiation & Cell State ⓘ

CSCs↓, 2,   EMT↓, 3,   ERK↓, 3,   p‑ERK↓, 3,   FOXO3↑, 2,   Gli↓, 1,   p‑GSK‐3β↓, 2,   HDAC↓, 4,   HDAC1↓, 1,   HDAC3↓, 1,   IGF-1↓, 2,   IGFBP3↑, 1,   mTOR↓, 3,   p‑mTOR↓, 1,   Nanog↓, 1,   OCT4↓, 1,   p‑P70S6K↓, 1,   p‑P90RSK↑, 1,   PI3K↓, 6,   STAT3↓, 5,   p‑STAT3↓, 1,   TumCG↓, 2,   TumCG↑, 1,   Wnt/(β-catenin)↓, 2,  

Migration ⓘ

AntiAg↑, 1,   Ca+2↑, 6,   cal2↑, 1,   E-cadherin↑, 2,   FAK↓, 3,   ITGB4↓, 2,   miR-215-5p↑, 1,   MMP2↓, 4,   MMP9↓, 4,   MMPs↓, 3,   RIP3↑, 1,   p‑RIP3↑, 2,   Slug↓, 1,   Snail↓, 1,   TumCI↓, 6,   TumCMig↓, 5,   TumCP↓, 7,   TumMeta↓, 1,   Twist↓, 1,   uPA↓, 1,   β-catenin/ZEB1↓, 2,  

Angiogenesis & Vasculature ⓘ

angioG↓, 3,   ATF4↑, 2,   EGFR↓, 1,   Hif1a↓, 9,   VEGF↓, 6,  

Barriers & Transport ⓘ

GLUT1↓, 4,  

Immune & Inflammatory Signaling ⓘ

COX2↓, 4,   IKKα↓, 1,   IL10↓, 1,   IL1α↓, 1,   IL1β↓, 1,   IL6↓, 3,   IL8↓, 1,   Inflam↓, 1,   NF-kB↓, 4,   p50↓, 1,   p65↓, 1,   PSA↓, 1,   TNF-α↓, 2,   TNF-α∅, 1,  

Hormonal & Nuclear Receptors ⓘ

AR↓, 1,   CDK6↓, 1,  

Drug Metabolism & Resistance ⓘ

BioAv↑, 1,   BioEnh↑, 1,   ChemoSen↑, 5,   ChemoSen∅, 1,   Dose?, 1,   Dose↓, 1,   Dose↝, 1,   Dose∅, 8,   eff↓, 4,   eff↑, 17,   eff↝, 1,   Half-Life∅, 1,   selectivity↓, 1,   selectivity↑, 5,  

Clinical Biomarkers ⓘ

AR↓, 1,   EGFR↓, 1,   EZH2↓, 1,   HER2/EBBR2↓, 2,   IL6↓, 3,   PSA↓, 1,  

Functional Outcomes ⓘ

AntiCan↑, 2,   chemoP↑, 1,   chemoPv↑, 2,   ChemoSideEff↓, 1,   neuroP↑, 1,   OS↑, 1,   Remission↓, 1,   RenoP↑, 1,   TumVol↓, 3,   TumW↓, 3,  
Total Targets: 194

Pathway results for Effect on Normal Cells:


Redox & Oxidative Stress ⓘ

antiOx↑, 5,   Catalase↑, 1,   GPx↑, 2,   MDA↓, 1,   NRF2↑, 2,   ROS↓, 3,   ROS∅, 1,   SOD↑, 2,  

Mitochondria & Bioenergetics ⓘ

Insulin↑, 1,  

Core Metabolism/Glycolysis ⓘ

p‑CREB↑, 2,   SREBF2↓, 1,  

Cell Death ⓘ

Apoptosis↓, 1,   cl‑Casp3↓, 1,   MAPK↓, 1,  

Transcription & Epigenetics ⓘ

Ach↑, 1,   other↝, 1,  

Protein Folding & ER Stress ⓘ

CHOP↓, 1,  

DNA Damage & Repair ⓘ

DNMT1↓, 1,   DNMT3A↓, 1,  

Proliferation, Differentiation & Cell State ⓘ

p‑ERK↑, 1,   HDAC↓, 1,   HMGCR↓, 1,  

Migration ⓘ

Ca+2?, 1,   PKCδ↓, 1,   TXNIP↓, 1,  

Angiogenesis & Vasculature ⓘ

NO↓, 1,  

Barriers & Transport ⓘ

AQPs↓, 1,   AQPs↑, 1,   BBB↑, 1,  

Immune & Inflammatory Signaling ⓘ

Inflam↓, 7,  

Synaptic & Neurotransmission ⓘ

AChE↓, 1,   BDNF↑, 2,   TrkB↑, 1,  

Protein Aggregation ⓘ

Aβ↓, 3,   BACE↓, 1,  

Drug Metabolism & Resistance ⓘ

BioAv?, 2,   BioAv↓, 3,   BioAv↑, 10,   Dose↑, 1,   Dose∅, 2,   eff↑, 1,   Half-Life?, 1,   Half-Life∅, 1,  

Functional Outcomes ⓘ

AntiCan↑, 2,   cardioP↑, 1,   hepatoP↑, 1,   memory↑, 3,   neuroP↑, 4,   toxicity↓, 2,   toxicity∅, 3,  
Total Targets: 50

Query results interpretion may depend on "conditions" listed in the research papers.
Such Conditions may include : 
  -low or high Dose
  -format for product, such as nano of lipid formations
  -different cell line effects
  -synergies with other products 
  -if effect was for normal or cancerous cells

Filter Conditions: Pro/AntiFlg:%  IllCat:%  CanType:%  Cells:%  prod#:32  Target#:%  State#:%  Dir#:%
  wNotes=0  sortOrder:rid,rpid

 

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