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EGCG (Epigallocatechin Gallate) is found in green tea. 100 times more effective than Vitamin C and 25 times more effective than Vitamin E at protecting cells from damage associated with oxidative stress. EGCG Epigallocatechin Gallate (Green Tea) -Catechin Summary: 1. Concentration is a factor that could determine whether green tea polyphenols act as antioxidants or pro-oxidants. 2. Poor bioavailability: taking EGCG capsules without food was better. 3. Cancer dosage 4g/day (2g twice per day)? with curcumin may help (another ref says 700–2100 mg/d) 4. EGCG is susceptible to oxidative degradation. 5. “As for the pH level, the acidic environments enhance the stability of EGCG”. 6. “EGCG may enhance nanoparticle uptake by tumor cells” 7. Might be iron chelator (removing iron from cancer cells) 8. Claimed as synergistic effect with chemotherapy ( cisplatin, bleomycin, gemcitabine. 9. May suppress glucose metabolism, interfere with VEGF, downregulate NF-κB and MMP-9, down-regulation of androgen-regulated miRNA-21. 10. Take with red pepper powder, Capsicum ratio 25:1 (based on half life, they did every 4 hr) (chili pepper vanilloid capsaicin). 11. EGCG mediated ROS formation can upregulate CTR1 expression via the ERK1/2/NEAT1 pathway, which can increase the intake of chemotherapeutic drugs such as cisplatin in NSCLC cells and act as a chemosensitizer [58] 12. Matcha green tea has highest EGCG (2-3X) because consuming leaf. 13. EGCG is an ENOX2 inhibitor. 14. Nrf2 activator in both cancer and normal cells. This example of lung cancer show both directions in different cell lines, but both toward optimim level. Biological activity, EGCG has been reported to exhibit a range of effects, including: Antioxidant activity: 10-50 μM Anti-inflammatory activity: 20-50 μM Anticancer activity: 50-100 μM Cardiovascular health: 20-50 μM Neuroprotective activity: 10-50 μM Drinking a cup (or two cups) of green tea (in which one might ingest roughly 50–100 mg of EGCG from brewed tea) generally results in peak plasma EGCG concentrations in the range of approximately 0.1 to 0.6 μM. With higher, supplement-type doses (e.g., oral doses in the 500 mg–800 mg range that are sometimes studied for clinical benefits), peak plasma concentrations in humans can reach the low micromolar range, often reported around ~1–2 μM and in some cases up to 5 μM. Reported values can range from about 25–50 mg of EGCG per gram of matcha powder. In cases where the matcha is exceptionally catechin-rich, the content could reach 200–250 mg or more in 5 g. -Peak plasma concentration roughly 1 to 2 hours after oral ingestion. -Elimination half-life of EGCG in plasma is commonly reported to be in the range of about 3 to 5 hours. Supplemental EGCG Dose (mg) ≈ Peak Plasma EGCG (µM) ~50 mg ≈ 0.1–0.3 µM ~100 mg ≈ 0.2–0.6 µM ~250 mg ≈ 0.5–1.0 µM ~500 mg ≈ 1–2 µM ~800 mg or higher ≈ 1–5 µM 50mg of EGCG in 1g of matcha tea(1/2 teaspoon) Studies on green tea extracts have employed doses roughly equivalent to 300–800 mg/day of EGCG. Excessive doses can cause liver toxicity in some cases. Methods to improve bioavailability -Lipid-based carriers or nanoemulsions -Polymer-based nanoparticles or encapsulation -Co-administration with ascorbic acid (vitamin C) -Co-administration of adjuvants like piperine (perhaps sunflower lecithin and chitosan) -Using multiple smaller doses rather than one large single dose. -Taking EGCG on an empty stomach or under fasting conditions, or aligning dosing with optimal pH conditions in the GI tract, may improve its absorption.(acidic environment is generally more favorable for its stability and absorption). – EGCG is more stable under acidic conditions. In the stomach, where the pH is typically around 1.5 to 3.5, EGCG is less prone to degradation compared to the more neutral or basic environments of the small intestine. - At neutral (around pH 7) or alkaline pH, EGCG undergoes auto-oxidation, reducing the effective concentration available for absorption. – Although the stomach’s acidic pH helps maintain EGCG’s stability, most absorption occurs in the small intestine, where the pH is closer to neutral. – To counterbalance the inherent instability in the intestine, strategies such as co-administration of pH-modifying agents (like vitamin C) are sometimes used. These agents help to maintain a slightly acidic environment in the gut microenvironment, potentially improving EGCG stability during its transit and absorption. – The use of acidifiers or buffering agents in supplements may help preserve EGCG until it reaches the absorption sites. -Note half-life 3–5 hours. - low BioAv 1%? despite its limited absorption, it is rapidly disseminated throughout the body Pathways: - induce ROS production - ROS↑ related: MMP↓(ΔΨm), ER Stress↑, UPR↑, GRP78↑, Ca+2↑, Cyt‑c↑, Caspases↑, DNA damage↑, cl-PARP↑, HSP↓, Prx, - Does NOT Lower AntiOxidant defense in Cancer Cells: NRF2↑, TrxR↓**, SOD, GSH Catalase HO1 GPx - Raises AntiOxidant defense in Normal Cells: ROS↓, NRF2↑, SOD↑, GSH↑, Catalase↑, - lowers Inflammation : NF-kB↓, COX2↓, p38↓, Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines : NLRP3↓, IL-1β↓, TNF-α↓, IL-6↓, IL-8↓ - inhibit Growth/Metastases : TumMeta↓, TumCG↓, EMT↓, MMPs↓, MMP2↓, MMP9↓, IGF-1↓, uPA↓, VEGF↓, FAK↓, RhoA↓, NF-κB↓, TGF-β↓, α-SMA↓, ERK↓ - reactivate genes thereby inhibiting cancer cell growth : HDAC↓, DNMTs↓, EZH2↓, P53↑, HSP↓, Sp proteins↓, - cause Cell cycle arrest : TumCCA↑, cyclin D1↓, cyclin E↓, CDK2↓, CDK4↓, CDK6↓, - inhibits Migration/Invasion : TumCMig↓, TumCI↓, TNF-α↓, FAK↓, ERK↓, EMT↓, TOP1↓, - inhibits glycolysis /Warburg Effect and ATP depletion : HIF-1α↓, PKM2↓, cMyc↓, GLUT1↓, LDH↓, LDHA↓, HK2↓, PFKs↓, ECAR↓, OXPHOS↓, GRP78↑, Glucose↓, GlucoseCon↓ - inhibits angiogenesis↓ : VEGF↓, HIF-1α↓, Notch↓, FGF↓, PDGF↓, EGFR↓, Integrins↓, - inhibits Cancer Stem Cells : CSC↓, Hh↓, GLi↓, GLi1↓, CD133↓, CD24↓, β-catenin↓, n-myc↓, Notch↓, OCT4↓, - Others: PI3K↓, AKT↓, JAK↓, STAT↓, Wnt↓, β-catenin↓, AMPK, ERK↓, JNK, - SREBP (related to cholesterol). - Synergies: chemo-sensitization, chemoProtective, RadioSensitizer, RadioProtective, Others(review target notes), Neuroprotective, Cognitive, Renoprotection, Hepatoprotective(possible damage at high dose), CardioProtective, - Selectivity: Cancer Cells vs Normal Cells |
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| Enzymes involved in regulating gene expression by removing acetyl groups from histones, the proteins around which DNA is wrapped. -Many cancers exhibit altered expression levels of HDACs, which can contribute to the dysregulation of genes involved in cell growth, survival, and differentiation. -HDACs can repress the expression of tumor suppressor genes, leading to uncontrolled cell proliferation and survival. This repression can be a key factor in the development and progression of cancer. -HDAC inhibitors (HDACi) have been developed and are being investigated for their ability to reactivate silenced genes, induce cell cycle arrest, and promote apoptosis in cancer cells. -HDAC1, HDAC2): Often overexpressed in various cancers, including breast, prostate, and colorectal cancers. Their overexpression is associated with poor prognosis. -HDAC4, HDAC5): These may have both oncogenic and tumor-suppressive roles depending on the context and cancer type. -While HDACs are not classified as traditional oncogenes, their overexpression and activity can contribute to oncogenic processes. -HDAC inhibitor works by preventing the removal of acetyl groups from histones, thereby modulating gene expression, influencing cell behavior, and potentially reversing aberrant gene silencing seen in various diseases. -HDAC inhibitors can help reactivate these genes, thereby inhibiting growth and inducing apoptosis in cancer cells. |
| 3201- | EGCG, | Epigallocatechin Gallate (EGCG): Pharmacological Properties, Biological Activities and Therapeutic Potential |
| - | Review, | NA, | NA |
| 3230- | EGCG, | Green Tea Polyphenol Epigallocatechin 3-Gallate, Contributes to the Degradation of DNMT3A and HDAC3 in HCT 116 Human Colon Cancer Cells |
| - | in-vitro, | CRC, | HCT116 | - | in-vitro, | CRC, | HT29 |
| 3231- | EGCG, | Epigallocatechin-3-gallate restores mitochondrial homeostasis impairment by inhibiting HDAC1-mediated NRF1 histone deacetylation in cardiac hypertrophy |
| - | in-vitro, | Nor, | NA |
| 3234- | EGCG, | Rad, | EGCG, a tea polyphenol, as a potential mitigator of hematopoietic radiation injury in mice |
| - | in-vivo, | Nor, | NA |
| 3235- | EGCG, | (-)-Epigallocatechin-3-gallate reverses the expression of various tumor-suppressor genes by inhibiting DNA methyltransferases and histone deacetylases in human cervical cancer cells |
| - | in-vivo, | Cerv, | HeLa |
| 3236- | EGCG, | BA, | Molecular mechanisms for inhibition of colon cancer cells by combined epigenetic-modulating epigallocatechin gallate and sodium butyrate |
| - | in-vitro, | Colon, | RKO | - | in-vitro, | Colon, | HCT116 | - | in-vitro, | Colon, | HT29 |
| 3237- | EGCG, | (-)-Epigallocatechin-3-gallate attenuates cognitive deterioration in Alzheimer's disease model mice by upregulating neprilysin expression |
| - | in-vivo, | AD, | NA |
| 3238- | EGCG, | Green tea catechin, epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG): mechanisms, perspectives and clinical applications |
| - | Review, | Var, | NA |
| 3229- | EGCG, | Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) Alters Histone Acetylation and Methylation and Impacts Chromatin Architecture Profile in Human Endothelial Cells |
| - | in-vitro, | Nor, | HMEC | - | in-vitro, | Nor, | HUVECs |
| 672- | EGCG, | Molecular Targets of Epigallocatechin—Gallate (EGCG): A Special Focus on Signal Transduction and Cancer |
| - | Review, | NA, | NA |
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