condition found tbRes List
BetA, Betulinic acid: Click to Expand ⟱
Features:
Betulinic acid "buh-TOO-li-nik acid" is a natural compound with antiretroviral, anti malarial, anti-inflammatory and anticancer properties. It is found in the bark of several plants, such as white birch, ber tree and rosemary, and has a complex mode of action against tumor cells.
-Betulinic acid is a naturally occurring pentacyclic triterpenoid
-vitro concentrations range from 1–100 µM, in vivo studies in rodents have generally used doses from 10–100 mg/kg
-half-life reports vary 3-5 hrs?.
BioAv -hydrophobic molecule with relatively poor water solubility.

Pathways:
- induce ROS production
- ROS↑ related: MMP↓(ΔΨm), ER Stress↑, UPR↑, GRP78↑, Ca+2↑, Cyt‑c↑, Caspases↑, DNA damage↑, cl-PARP↑, HSP↓
- Lowers AntiOxidant defense in Cancer Cells: NRF2↓, SOD↓, GSH↓
- Raises AntiOxidant defense in Normal Cells: NRF2↑, SOD↑, GSH↑, Catalase↑,
- lowers Inflammation : NF-kB↓, COX2↓, p38↓, Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines : IL-1β↓, TNF-α↓, IL-6↓, IL-8↓
- inhibit Growth/Metastases : , MMPs↓, MMP2↓, MMP9↓, TIMP2, IGF-1↓, VEGF↓, ROCK1↓, FAK↓, NF-κB↓, TGF-β↓, α-SMA↓, ERK↓
- reactivate genes thereby inhibiting cancer cell growth : P53↑, HSP↓, Sp proteins↓,
- cause Cell cycle arrest : TumCCA↑, cyclin D1↓, CDK2↓, CDK4↓,
- inhibits Migration/Invasion : TumCMig↓, TumCI↓, FAK↓, ERK↓, EMT↓, TOP1↓,
- inhibits glycolysis ATP depletion : HIF-1α↓, PKM2↓, cMyc↓, GLUT1↓, LDH↓, LDHA↓, HK2↓, PFKs↓, PDKs↓, HK2↓, ECAR↓, GRP78↑, GlucoseCon↓
- inhibits angiogenesis↓ : VEGF↓, HIF-1α↓, EGFR↓,
- inhibits Cancer Stem Cells : CSC↓, GLi1↓, β-catenin↓, OCT4↓,
- Others: PI3K↓, AKT↓, JAK↓, STAT↓, β-catenin↓, AMPK↓, ERK↓, JNK,
- Synergies: chemo-sensitization, chemoProtective, RadioSensitizer, Others(review target notes), Neuroprotective, Cognitive, Renoprotection, Hepatoprotective, CardioProtective,
- Selectivity: Cancer Cells vs Normal Cells


VEGF, Vascular endothelial growth factor: Click to Expand ⟱
Source: HalifaxProj (inhibit)
Type:
A signal protein produced by many cells that stimulates the formation of blood vessels. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a signal protein that plays a crucial role in angiogenesis, the process by which new blood vessels form from existing ones. This process is vital for normal physiological functions, such as wound healing and the menstrual cycle, but it is also a key factor in the growth and spread of tumors in cancer.
Because of its significant role in tumor growth and progression, VEGF has become a target for cancer therapies. Anti-VEGF therapies, such as monoclonal antibodies (e.g., bevacizumab) and small molecule inhibitors, aim to inhibit the action of VEGF, thereby reducing blood supply to tumors and limiting their growth. These therapies have been used in various types of cancer, including colorectal, lung, and breast cancer.
Scientific Papers found: Click to Expand⟱
2754- BetA,    Betulinic acid inhibits prostate cancer growth through inhibition of specificity protein transcription factors
- in-vitro, Pca, LNCaP
VEGF↓, betulinic acid decreases expression of vascular endothelial growth (VEGF)
survivin↓, and the antiapoptotic protein survivin
Sp1/3/4↓, betulinic acid acts as a novel anticancer agent through targeted degradation of Sp proteins that are highly overexpressed in tumors.
Casp↑, Betulinic acid also induced caspase-dependent PARP cleavage in LNCaP cells, and this was accompanied by decreased expression of the antiapoptotic protein survivin
PARP↑,
survivin↓,
angioG↓, betulinic acid also induces proapoptotic and antiangiogenic responses in LNCaP cells as evidenced by decreased expression of VEGF and survivin and activation of caspase-dependent PARP cleavage

2743- BetA,    Betulinic acid and the pharmacological effects of tumor suppression
- Review, Var, NA
ROS↓, BA improves the level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and alters the mitochondrial membrane potential gradient, followed by the release of cytochrome c (Cyt c), which causes the mitochondrial-mediated apoptosis of tumor cells via a caspas
MMP↓,
Cyt‑c↑,
Apoptosis↑,
TumCCA↑, BA can inhibit cancer cell growth and proliferation via cell cycle arrest
Sp1/3/4↓, BA, can inhibit the protein expression of Sp1, Sp2 and Sp4 through the microRNA (miR)-27a-ZBTB10-Sp1 axis
STAT3↓, BA can downregulate the activation of STAT3 through the upregulation of Src homology 2 domain-containing phosphatase 1 (SHP-1)
NF-kB↓, NF-κB can be inhibited by reducing the activation of inhibitor of NF-κB (IκBα) kinase (IKKβ) and phosphorylation of IκBα with BA
EMT↓, nvasion and metastasis of malignancies is prevented via epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and inhibition of topoisomerase I
TOP1↓,
MAPK↑, BA leads to the activation, via phosphorylation, of pro-apoptotic MAPK proteins, P38 and SAP/JNK, the formation of ROS and the upregulation of caspase
p38↑,
JNK↑,
Casp↑,
Bcl-2↓, BA downregulates Bcl-2 and upregulates the Bax gene in HeLa cell lines
BAX↑,
VEGF↓, BA can decrease the expression of VEGF via Sp proteins, thus having an antiangiogenic role
LAMs↓, BA suppresses the expression of lamin B1 in pancreatic cancer cells

2745- BetA,    Betulinic acid inhibits colon cancer cell and tumor growth and induces proteasome-dependent and -independent downregulation of specificity proteins (Sp) transcription factors
- in-vitro, CRC, RKO - in-vitro, CRC, SW480 - in-vivo, NA, NA
Apoptosis↑, BA inhibited growth and induced apoptosis in RKO and SW480 colon cancer cells and inhibited tumor growth in athymic nude mice bearing RKO cells as xenograft
TumCG↓,
Sp1/3/4↓, BA also decreased expression of Sp1, Sp3 and Sp4 transcription factors which are overexpressed in colon cancer cells
survivin↓, decreased levels of several Sp-regulated genes including survivin, vascular endothelial growth factor, p65 sub-unit of NFκB, epidermal growth factor receptor, cyclin D1, and pituitary tumor transforming gene-1.
VEGF↓,
p65↓,
EGFR↓,
cycD1↓,
ROS↑, due to induction of reactive oxygen species (ROS),
MMP↓, BA decreases MMP and induces ROS in RKO cells.

2759- BetA,    Chemopreventive and Chemotherapeutic Potential of Betulin and Betulinic Acid: Mechanistic Insights From In Vitro, In Vivo and Clinical Studies
- Review, Var, NA
chemoP↑, chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic effects of betulin and betulinic acid by presenting in vitro, in vivo
ChemoSen↑,
*Inflam↓, right side depicts anti-inflammatory effect by suppressing proinflammatory mediators
*NRF2↑, boosting NRF2 (antioxidant/anti-inflammatory).
*NF-kB↓, suppressing proinflammatory mediators (NF-κB and COX)
*COX2↓,
ROS↑, By rapidly increasing the generation of reactive oxidative species and concurrently dissipating mitochondrial membrane potential in a dose- and time-dependent manner, betulinic acid also has an anticancer effect on melanoma cells
MMP↓,
Sp1/3/4↓, nude mice bearing LNCaP cell xenografts has been observed by betulinic acid treatment and this result was associated with reduction in the expression of Sp1, Sp3, and Sp4 proteins and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)
VEGF↓,

2766- BetA,    Role of natural secondary metabolites as HIF-1 inhibitors in cancer therapy
- Review, Var, NA
Hif1a↓, Furthermore, it was demonstrated that betulinic acid reduces HIF-1 accumulation, which in consequence leads to a decrease in HIF-1 sensitive genes including VEGF and GLUT1 in hypoxic cervical cancer cells
VEGF↓,
GLUT1↓,

2716- BetA,    Cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying the potential of betulinic acid in cancer prevention and treatment
- Review, Var, NA
AntiCan↑, BA has a range of well-documented pharmacological and biological effects, including antibacterial, immunomodulatory, diuretic, antiviral, antiparasitic, antidiabetic, and anticancer activities
TumCD↑, anticancer properties of BA are mediated by the activation of cell death and cell cycle arrest, production of reactive oxygen species, increased mitochondrial permeability, modulation of nuclear factor-κB and Bcl-2 family signaling
TumCCA↑,
ROS↑,
NF-kB↓,
Bcl-2↓,
Half-Life↝, The half-life eliminations were 11.8 and 11.5 h after 500 and 250 mg/kg of intraperitoneal (i.p.) BA administration
GLUT1↓, the expression of HIF target genes, such as GLUT1, VEGF, and PDK1 was also suppressed by BA
VEGF↓,
PDK1↓,

2731- BetA,    Betulinic Acid for Glioblastoma Treatment: Reality, Challenges and Perspectives
- Review, GBM, NA - Review, Park, NA - Review, AD, NA
BBB↑, Notably, its ability to cross the blood–brain barrier addresses a significant challenge in treating neurological pathologies.
*GSH↑, BA can also dramatically reduce catalepsy and stride length, while increasing the brain’s dopamine content, glutathione activity, and catalase activity in hemiparkinsonian rats
*Catalase↑,
*motorD↑,
*neuroP↑, in Alzheimer’s disease rat models, it can improve neurobehavioral impairments . BA has exhibited great neuroprotective properties.
*cognitive↑, BA improves cognitive ability and neurotransmitter levels, and protects from brain damage by lowering reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels
*ROS↓,
*antiOx↑, enhancing brain tissue’s antioxidant capacity, and preventing the release of inflammatory cytokines
*Inflam↓,
MMP↓, BA can decrease the mitochondrial outer membrane potential (MOMP)
STAT3↓, The compound can inhibit the signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) 3 signaling pathways, involved in differentiation, proliferation, apoptosis, metastasis formation, angiogenesis, and metabolism, and the NF-kB signaling pathway,
NF-kB↓,
Sp1/3/4↓, BA has shown an ability to control cancer growth through the modulation of Sp transcription factors, inhibit DNA topoisomerase
TOP1↓,
EMT↓, inhibit the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT)
Hif1a↓, BA has also been associated with an antiangiogenic response under hypoxia conditions, through the STAT3/hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α/vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) signaling pathway
VEGF↓,
ChemoSen↑, BA has shown great potential as an adjuvant to therapy since its use combined with standard treatment of chemotherapy and irradiation can enhance their cytotoxic effect on cancer cells
RadioS↑,
BioAv↓, Despite having great potential as a therapeutic agent, it is hard for BA to fulfill the requirements for adequate water solubility, maintaining both significant cytotoxicity and selectivity for tumor cells.

2735- BetA,    Betulinic acid as apoptosis activator: Molecular mechanisms, mathematical modeling and chemical modifications
- Review, Var, NA
mt-Apoptosis↑, BA and analogues (BAs) have been known to exhibit potential antitumor action via provoking the mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis
Casp↑, cytosolic caspase activation
p38↑, inhibition of pro-apoptotic p38, MAPK and SAP/JNK kinases [8],
MAPK↓,
JNK↓,
VEGF↓, decreased expression of pro-apoptotic proteins and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)
AIF↑, BA was recognized to trigger the process of apoptosis in human metastatic melanoma cells (Me-45) by releasing apoptosis inducing factor (AIF) and cytochrome c (Cyt C) through mitochondrial membrane
Cyt‑c↑,
ROS↑, BA also stimulates the increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that is considered a stress factor involved in initiating mitochondrial membrane permeabilization
Ca+2↑, Moreover, the calcium overload and thereby ATP depletion are other stress factors causing enhanced inner mitochondrial membrane permeability via nonspecific pores formation
ATP↓,
NF-kB↓, BA has also known to be involved in activation of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) that is responsible for apoptosis induction in variety of cancer cells
ATF3↓, According to Zhang et al. [14], BA stimulates apoptosis through the suppression of cyclic AMP-dependent transcription factor ATF-3 and NF-κB pathways and downregulation of p53 gene.
TOP1↓, inhibition of topoisomerases
VEGF↓, ecreased expression of vascular endothelial growth (VEGF) and the anti-apoptotic protein surviving in LNCaP prostate cancer cells.
survivin↓,
Sp1/3/4↓, selective proteasome-dependent targeted degradation of transcription factors specificity proteins (Sp1, Sp3, and Sp4), which generally regulate VEGF and survivin expression and highly over-expressed in tumor conditions
MMP↓, perturbed mitochondrial membrane potential
ChemoSen↑, BA can support as sensitizer in combination therapy to enhance the anticancer effects with minimum side effects.
selectivity↑, Normal human fibroblasts [41], peripheral blood lymphoblasts [41], melanocytes [32] and astrocytes [30] were found to be resistant to BA in vitro
BioAv↓, The clinical use of BA is seriously challenging due to high hydrophobicity which subsequently causes poor bioavailability
BioAv↑, A BA-loaded oil-in-water nanoemulsion was developed using phospholipase-catalyzed modified phosphatidylcholine as emulsifier in an ultrasonicator [120].
BioAv↑, Aqueous solubility of BA may also be increased through grinding with hydrophilic polymers (polyethylene glycol, polyvinylpyrrolidone, arabinogalactan) [121,122].
BioAv↑, Subsequently, for further improvement in biocompatibility, a technique of nanotube coating was employed with four biopolymers i.e. polyethylene glycol (PEG), chitosan, tween 20 and tween 80.
BioAv↑, Similarly, BA-coated silver nanoparticles displayed an improved antiproliferative and antimigratory activity, particularly against melanoma cells (A375: murine melanoma cells)

2736- BetA,  Chemo,    Multifunctional Roles of Betulinic Acid in Cancer Chemoprevention: Spotlight on JAK/STAT, VEGF, EGF/EGFR, TRAIL/TRAIL-R, AKT/mTOR and Non-Coding RNAs in the Inhibition of Carcinogenesis and Metastasis
- Review, Var, NA
chemoP↑, reviews about cancer chemopreventive role of betulinic acid against wide variety of cancers [18,19,20,21].
p‑STAT3↓, betulinic acid reduced the levels of p-STAT3 in tumor tissues derived from KB cells
JAK1↓, Betulinic acid exerted inhibitory effects on the constitutive phosphorylation of JAK1 and JAK2
JAK2↓,
VEGF↓, betulinic acid mediated inhibition of VEGF
EGFR↓, evaluation of betulinic acid as a next-generation EGFR inhibitor
Cyt‑c↑, release of SMAC/DIABLO and cytochrome c from mitochondria in SHEP neuroblastoma cells
Diablo↑,
AMPK↑, Betulinic acid induced activation of AMPK and consequently reduced the activation of mTOR.
mTOR↓,
Sp1/3/4↓, Betulinic acid significantly reduced the quantities of Sp1, Sp3 and Sp4 in the tissues of the tumors derived from RKO cells
DNAdam↑, Betulinic acid efficiently triggered DNA damage (γH2AX) and apoptosis (caspase-3 and p53 phosphorylation) in temozolomide-sensitive and temozolomide-resistant glioblastoma cells.
Gli1↓, Betulinic acid effectively reduced GLI1, GLI2 and PTCH1 in RMS-13 cells.
GLI2↓,
PTCH1↓,
MMP2↓, betulinic acid exerted inhibitory effects on MMP-2 and MMP-9 in HepG2 cells.
MMP9↓,
miR-21↓, Collectively, p53 increased miR-21 levels and inhibited SOD2 levels, leading to significant increase in the accumulation of ROS levels and apoptotic cell death.
SOD2↓,
ROS↑,
Apoptosis↑,

2737- BetA,    Multiple molecular targets in breast cancer therapy by betulinic acid
- Review, Var, NA
TumCP↓, Betulinic acid (BA), a pipeline anticancer drug, exerts anti-proliferative effects on breast cancer cells is mainly through inhibition of cyclin and topoisomerase expression, leading to cell cycle arrest.
Cyc↓,
TOP1↓,
TumCCA↑,
angioG↓, anti-angiogenesis effect by inhibiting the expression of transcription factor nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), specificity protein (Sp) transcription factors, and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) signaling.
NF-kB↓, Inhibition of NF-kB signaling pathway
Sp1/3/4↓,
VEGF↓,
MMPs↓, inhibiting the expression of matrix metalloproteases
ChemoSen↑, Synergistically interactions of BA with other chemotherapeutics are also described in the literature.
eff↑, BA is highly lipid soluble [74,75], and it readily passes through membranes, including plasma and mitochondrial membranes. BA acts directly on mitochondria
MMP↓, decreases mitochondrial outer membrane potential (MOMP), leading to increased outer membrane permeability, generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS),
ROS↑,
Bcl-2↓, reducing expression of anti-apoptotic proteins Bcl-2, Bcl-XL and Mcl-1
Bcl-xL↓,
Mcl-1↓,
lipid-P↑, BA inhibits the growth of breast cancer cells via lipid peroxidation resulting from the generation of ROS
RadioS↑, The cytotoxicity effect of BA on glioblastoma cells is not strong; however, some studies indicate that the combination of BA and radiotherapy could represent an advancement in treatment of glioblastoma [
eff↑, BA and thymoquinone inhibit MDR and induce cell death in MCF-7 breast cancer cells by suppressing BCRP [


* indicates research on normal cells as opposed to diseased cells
Total Research Paper Matches: 10

Results for Effect on Cancer/Diseased Cells:
AIF↑,1,   AMPK↑,1,   angioG↓,2,   AntiCan↑,1,   Apoptosis↑,3,   mt-Apoptosis↑,1,   ATF3↓,1,   ATP↓,1,   BAX↑,1,   BBB↑,1,   Bcl-2↓,3,   Bcl-xL↓,1,   BioAv↓,2,   BioAv↑,4,   Ca+2↑,1,   Casp↑,3,   chemoP↑,2,   ChemoSen↑,4,   Cyc↓,1,   cycD1↓,1,   Cyt‑c↑,3,   Diablo↑,1,   DNAdam↑,1,   eff↑,2,   EGFR↓,2,   EMT↓,2,   Gli1↓,1,   GLI2↓,1,   GLUT1↓,2,   Half-Life↝,1,   Hif1a↓,2,   JAK1↓,1,   JAK2↓,1,   JNK↓,1,   JNK↑,1,   LAMs↓,1,   lipid-P↑,1,   MAPK↓,1,   MAPK↑,1,   Mcl-1↓,1,   miR-21↓,1,   MMP↓,6,   MMP2↓,1,   MMP9↓,1,   MMPs↓,1,   mTOR↓,1,   NF-kB↓,5,   p38↑,2,   p65↓,1,   PARP↑,1,   PDK1↓,1,   PTCH1↓,1,   RadioS↑,2,   ROS↓,1,   ROS↑,6,   selectivity↑,1,   SOD2↓,1,   Sp1/3/4↓,8,   STAT3↓,2,   p‑STAT3↓,1,   survivin↓,4,   TOP1↓,4,   TumCCA↑,3,   TumCD↑,1,   TumCG↓,1,   TumCP↓,1,   VEGF↓,11,  
Total Targets: 67

Results for Effect on Normal Cells:
antiOx↑,1,   Catalase↑,1,   cognitive↑,1,   COX2↓,1,   GSH↑,1,   Inflam↓,2,   motorD↑,1,   neuroP↑,1,   NF-kB↓,1,   NRF2↑,1,   ROS↓,1,  
Total Targets: 11

Scientific Paper Hit Count for: VEGF, Vascular endothelial growth factor
10 Betulinic acid
1 Chemotherapy
Filter Conditions: Pro/AntiFlg:%  IllCat:%  CanType:%  Cells:%  prod#:42  Target#:334  State#:%  Dir#:%
  wNotes=on  sortOrder:rid,rpid

 

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