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| Betulinic acid "buh-TOO-li-nik acid" is a natural compound with antiretroviral, anti malarial, anti-inflammatory and anticancer properties. It is found in the bark of several plants, such as white birch, ber tree and rosemary, and has a complex mode of action against tumor cells. -Betulinic acid is a naturally occurring pentacyclic triterpenoid -vitro concentrations range from 1–100 µM, in vivo studies in rodents have generally used doses from 10–100 mg/kg -half-life reports vary 3-5 hrs?. BioAv -hydrophobic molecule with relatively poor water solubility. Pathways: - induce ROS production - ROS↑ related: MMP↓(ΔΨm), ER Stress↑, UPR↑, GRP78↑, Ca+2↑, Cyt‑c↑, Caspases↑, DNA damage↑, cl-PARP↑, HSP↓ - Lowers AntiOxidant defense in Cancer Cells: NRF2↓, SOD↓, GSH↓ - Raises AntiOxidant defense in Normal Cells: NRF2↑, SOD↑, GSH↑, Catalase↑, - lowers Inflammation : NF-kB↓, COX2↓, p38↓, Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines : IL-1β↓, TNF-α↓, IL-6↓, IL-8↓ - inhibit Growth/Metastases : , MMPs↓, MMP2↓, MMP9↓, TIMP2, IGF-1↓, VEGF↓, ROCK1↓, FAK↓, NF-κB↓, TGF-β↓, α-SMA↓, ERK↓ - reactivate genes thereby inhibiting cancer cell growth : P53↑, HSP↓, Sp proteins↓, - cause Cell cycle arrest : TumCCA↑, cyclin D1↓, CDK2↓, CDK4↓, - inhibits Migration/Invasion : TumCMig↓, TumCI↓, FAK↓, ERK↓, EMT↓, TOP1↓, - inhibits glycolysis ATP depletion : HIF-1α↓, PKM2↓, cMyc↓, GLUT1↓, LDH↓, LDHA↓, HK2↓, PFKs↓, PDKs↓, HK2↓, ECAR↓, GRP78↑, GlucoseCon↓ - inhibits angiogenesis↓ : VEGF↓, HIF-1α↓, EGFR↓, - inhibits Cancer Stem Cells : CSC↓, GLi1↓, β-catenin↓, OCT4↓, - Others: PI3K↓, AKT↓, JAK↓, STAT↓, β-catenin↓, AMPK↓, ERK↓, JNK, - Synergies: chemo-sensitization, chemoProtective, RadioSensitizer, Others(review target notes), Neuroprotective, Cognitive, Renoprotection, Hepatoprotective, CardioProtective, - Selectivity: Cancer Cells vs Normal Cells |
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| Cellular stress response related to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, which involves protein folding, quality control, and signaling pathways. The unfolded protein response (UPR) is the cells' way of maintaining the balance of protein folding in the endoplasmic reticulum. (UPR) is triggered by the presence of misfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum. The UPR is a cellular stress response activated by the accumulation of unfolded or misfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). - It is primarily mediated by three ER-resident sensors: IRE1α, PERK, and ATF6. Cancer cells often experience high levels of protein synthesis, hypoxia, nutrient deprivation, and oxidative stress, all of which can activate the UPR. – Numerous studies have reported that key UPR components (e.g., GRP78/BiP, IRE1α, PERK, CHOP) are overexpressed in various malignancies such as breast, pancreatic, lung, and prostate cancers. Unfolded Protein Response is typically upregulated in cancers and is associated with poorer prognosis due to its role in promoting cell survival, adaptation to stress, and therapeutic resistance. Although the UPR harbors the potential for tumor-suppressive (apoptotic) effects under severe stress conditions, its predominant activation in tumors supports an adaptive, protumorigenic state that facilitates cancer progression. Targeting UPR components and modulating this balance remain promising therapeutic strategies. |
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