Nestronics
Nestronics
The World Health Organization (WHO)
describes Dementia as "a syndrome in which there is deterioration in cognitive function beyond what might be expected from the usual consequences of biological ageing."
Alzheimer's is the most common type of dementia.
Research is so extensive that it seems like almost any action may help with Alzheimer's at least in a small way.
The key might be regular cognitive evaluation compared against any treatment actions applied.
In this way the effectness of the treatment for an individual can be assessed.
One possible way to assess cognitive ability, is to regularly measure motor skills and reaction times.
"Digital Cognitive Assessment" may include the "finger tap" test and other reaction time tests.
This DIY finger tap jig is an example of how reaction times can be measured.
Comparing performance over time vs treatments, gives the care givers fast feedback,
answering the question of what is being done right or wrong on an individual basis.
In Alzheimer's disease (AD), the decline in choline levels results in cortical dysfunction, memory deficit, abnormal cerebral blood flow, task learning difficulty, disrupts the sleep cycle and cortex development.
HALLMARKS:
- tau and Aβ, their accumulation in AD brains is known to be a major hallmark.
In AD, PP2A↓ activity is decreased, leading to accumulation of hyperphosphorylated tau.
SIRT-1↓ levels in the brains of AD patients are associated with the accumulation of Aβ and tau
- AD brains also express elevated levels of
5-LOX↑.
- Concentrations of 5-HTP↓, 5-HT(seratonin)↓, and 5-HIAA↓ are lower in Alzheimer's patients.
- A reduction in ACh↓ production in AD patients.
- ChAT↓ activity is reduced in AD patients.(responsible for synthesizing ACh)
- four key enzymes in the pathogenesis of AD:
AChE,
BChE,
MAOA,
MAOB(objective inhibit)
- AD patients often have lower BDNF↓ levels in key brain regions.
- Stress causes decrease in the expression of brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)
- Elevated PGE2↑ in AD correlates with memory loss in models
-CDK5↑ is generally upregulated or hyperactivated in Alzheimer's disease
-PSD95↓ in hippocampus and cortex in AD patients and models. Restoring PSD95 levels show cognitive benefits.
-calpain↑: Overactivated by increased intracellular Ca²⁺ levels, leads to p-tau and aggregation.
-in AD brains: AEP↑,
IDE↓,
NEP↓,
and LRP1↓ protein levels
-STEP↑ is upregulated in AD, largely due to Aβ oligomer accumulation.
-Downregulation of ADAM10↓ is observed in AD brains.
-Acetyl-L-carnitine (ALC↓ or ALCAR) levels are often reduced in AD.
-Homocarnosine↓ levels in human CSF dramatically decline with age.
-possible low Taurine↓ Levels in Dementia/AD patients. (concentration declines with age)
-AD is associated with impaired glutamate clearance and depressed Na+/K+ ATPase levels in AD brain that might lead to a cellular ion imbalance.
-Aging naturally reduces NAD⁺↓ levels.(In AD, NAD⁺ depletion is more severe)
-PGC-1↓ has been found significantly decreased in Alzheimer’s brains
-cGAS–STING↑ elevation was observed in the AD mice and normalized by NR treatment
-raised levels of plasma total homocysteine (tHcy)↑ are associated with cognitive impairment, AD, or vascular dementia
-homocysteine, can build up if vitamin B6, B12, or folate levels are low
-Homocysteine and B-vitamin in Cognitive Impairment (VITACOG) study
-Vit B6 might be most important B vitamin.(along with B12 anf folate)
-Reduced glucose metabolism↓ occurs in AD long before the patient demonstrates significant clinical signs of AD.
-Thiamine↓ deficiency produces a cholinergic deficit, which is a well-established feature of AD
-decreased levels of thiamine(Vitamin B1) occur in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) which exacerbates amyloid beta (Aβ) deposition, tau hyperphosphorylation and oxidative stress.
-vitamin A↓ and
β-carotene↓ is lower in AD patients, and these vitamins slow the progression of dementia
-too much VitA(retinol) may contribute to osteoporosis.
-Diminished circulating concentrations of vitamin E↓ have been demonstrated in individuals with AD
-Vitamin B5↓ levels in multiple brain regions in AD.
-patients with AD showed significantly lower serum levels of Se, Cu, and Zn↓
-Patients with AD were shown to have significantly higher levels of copper↑ in their brain tissue than the general population, which promotes the formation of neurofibrillary tangle, amyloid, and other proteins.
Rosmarinic acid has been shown to reduce copper-induced neurotoxicity due to its antioxidant effect in vitro and in vivo, by preventing the binding of amyloid protein with copper.
-high iron↑ concentrations in deep gray matter structures of brain tissue in patients with AD
-atherosclerotic calcification is associated with an increased risk of developing dementia
-decreased SAMe↓ concentrations in CSF in patients with Alzheimer's disease
-a profound change in BBB permeability has been observed in AD
-controversy remains about whether aluminum accumulation in the brain is a cause or a consequence of AD
-AD is characterized by progressive brain shrinkage (atrophy)
-MPOD is often reduced in AD patients
-AD brains had significantly lower levels of
lutein↓,
zeaxanthin↓,
anhydrolutein↓,
(VitA)retinol↓,
lycopene↓, and
alpha-tocopherol↓
-Human brains with AD show increased AGE-modified proteins
AGEs↑ and elevated
RAGE↑ expression.
- Apolipoprotein E4 (ApoE4) genotype is the strongest known genetic risk factor for late-onset Alzheimer's disease (AD).
-One copy of ApoE4: ~3–4× increased risk of AD
-Two copies (homozygous): ~8–12× increased risk
-VitK lower in circulating blood of APOE4 carriers
- type 2 diabetes, traumatic brain injury, stroke, diet, and above all, aging is the number ONE risk factor.
Treatments:
-Early intervention for AD is known to have a greater positive effect than interventions
during middle or late stages.
- BOLD fMRI imaging can be used to observe brain activity by detecting changes in blood oxygen and flow.
- Reduce ROS and Inflammation in the Brain.
- Inhibiting acetylcholinesterase (AChE) (which breaks down ACh), e.g., donepezil, rivastigmine.
-natural AChE inhibitors include:
Berberine,
Luteolin,
Crocetin(saffron),
Querctin,
TQ
-natural AChE inhibitors in database (check ability to pass BBB)
-MAOB inhibitors,
APP inhibitors,
PGE2 inhibitors,
NLRP3 inhibitors,
BACE inhibitors
-BDNF activators,
PSD95 activator
- STEP,
ADAM10
-diets with an adequate ratio (5:1) of omega-6: 3 fatty acids (Mediterranean diet)
-Vitamins B1, B6, B12, B9 (folic acid) and D, choline, iron and iodine exert neuroprotective effects
-antioxidants (vitamins C, E, A, zinc, selenium, lutein and zeaxanthin)
-fiber may promote gut microbiome diversity that influence brain health.
-Supplementing with NAD⁺ precursors (e.g., NR or NMN) improves cognition
and reduces amyloid/tau pathologies in AD mice.
-" It is advisable to consume diets with an adequate ratio (5:1) of omega-6: 3 fatty acids (Mediterranean diet) given that they are associated with better memory capacity and lower risk of cognitive deterioration. Vitamins B1, B6, B12, B9 (folic acid) and D, choline, iron and iodine exert neuroprotective effects and improve intellectual performance. In parallel, antioxidants (vitamins C, E, A, zinc, selenium, lutein and zeaxanthin) have a very important role in the defense against oxidative stress associated with mental deterioration and in the improvement of cognition."
Nutrition Strategies
-reduction of cognitive decline may be achieved by following a healthy dietary pattern, which limits intake of added sugars, while maximizing intakes of fish, fruits, vegetables, nuts, and seeds.
Related Pathways that could be researched in this database(showing products that modulate them):
-neuroprotective,
cognitive,
memory
-Aβ aggregation,
Tau↓,
AChE↓,
ACh↑,
ChAT↑,
acetyl-CoA↑,
BDNF↑,
BACE↓,
NLRP3↓,
PSD95↑,
PGE2↓,
homoC↓
-Increasing AntiOxidants:
Catalase↑,
GSH↑,
SOD↑,
HO-1↑, to decrease
ROS↓
-Lower Inflammation:
TNF-α↓,
IL1β↓,
IL6↓
Natural Products that may benefit AD.
-Some key pathways are highlighted in RED in the following links
Acetyl-L-carnitine,
ALA,
Apigenin,
Anthocyanins Blueberrys,
Aromatherapy,
Artemisinin,
Ashwagandha,
β-carotene(vitamin A),
Bacopa monnieri,
Baicalein,
Baicalin,
Berberine,
Betulinic acid,
Boron,
Boswellia (frankincense),
Caffeic acid,
Caffeine,
Capsaicin,
Carnosine,
Carnosic acid,
Chlorogenic acid,
Choline,
Chrysin,
Cinnamon,
CoQ10,
Crocetin,
Curcumin,
dietMed,
dietMet,
dietSTF,
EGCG,
Ellagic acid,
Exercise,
Ferulic Acid,
Fisetin,
Flav,
FLS,
Folic Acid (5-MTHF, L-methylfolate)-reduce homocysteine,
Galantamine,
Ginger,
Ginkgo biloba,
Ginseng,
Honokiol,
Huperzine A,
hydrogen gas,
Lecithin,
Lutein,
Luteolin,
Lycopene,
M-Blu,
Moringa oleifera,
Mushroom Lion’s Mane,
MSM,
MCToil,
NAD,
Naringenin,
PEMF,
Piperine,
Phenylbutyrate,
Phosphatidylserine,
Piperlongumine,
Potassium,
probiotics,
Propolis,
Pterostilbene,
Quercetin,
Resveratrol,
Rivastigmine,
Rosmaric Acid(reduce copper-induced neurotoxicity),
Rutin,
Safflower yellow,
Sage,
SAMe,
selenium,
Serotonin,
Shankhpushpi,
Shikonin,
Shilajit/Fulvic Acid,
silicon(reduce Alum bioavialability),
Silymarin (Milk Thistle) silibinin,
Sulforaphane,
Taurine,
TQ,
Ursolic Acid
Vitamin B1,
Vitamin B2,
Vitamin B3,
Vitamin B5,
Vitamin B6,
Vitamin B12,
Vitamin E,
Vitamin D,
Vitamin K2
Zeaxanthin,
zinc,
Aluminium
has a negative impact on cognition but silicon can decrease Alumunium bioavailability, and Vitamin K2 may provide some protection. Example
So does RMF
Research is not complete. If you find a research paper that should be added to the database, please
contact us.
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