Shikonin Cancer Research Results

SK, Shikonin: Click to Expand ⟱
Features:
The (R)-enantiomer of alkannin is known as shikonin, and the racemic mixture of the two is known as shikalkin.
Shikonin is a naphthoquinone derivative primarily isolated from the roots of plants in the Boraginaceae family (e.g., Lithospermum erythrorhizon).
Shikonin is the main active component of a Chinese medicinal plant 'Zi Cao'
-Shikonin is a major component of zicao (purple gromwell, the dried root of Lithospermum erythrorhizon), a Chinese herbal medicine with anti-inflammatory properties
-Quinone methides (QMs) are highly reactive intermediates formed from natural compounds like shikonin
-ic50 cancer cells 1-10uM, normal cells >10uM

-known as Glycolysis inhibitor: ( inhibit pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2*******), a key enzyme in the glycolytic pathway)

Available from mcsformulas.com Shikonin Pro Liposomal, 30 mg
Also In Glycolysis Inhibithree(100 mg PHLORIZIN,10 mg TANSHINONE IIA, 8 mg Shikonin)

-Note half-life15-30mins or 8hr?.
BioAv low, poor water solubility
Pathways:
- usually induce ROS production in cancer cells, and reduce ROS in normal cells.
- ROS↑ related: MMP↓(ΔΨm), ER Stress↑, GRP78↑, Ca+2↑, Cyt‑c↑, Caspases↑, DNA damage↑, cl-PARP↑, HSP↓,
- Lowers AntiOxidant defense in Cancer Cells: NRF2↓, TrxR↓**, SOD↓, GSH↓ Catalase↓ GPx4↓
- Raises AntiOxidant defense in Normal Cells: ROS↓, NRF2↑, SOD↑, GSH↑, Catalase↑,
- lowers Inflammation : NF-kB↓, COX2↓, p38↓, Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines : NLRP3↓, IL-1β↓, TNF-α↓, IL-6↓, IL-8↓
- inhibit Growth/Metastases : TumMeta↓, TumCG↓, EMT↓, MMPs↓, MMP2↓, MMP9↓, IGF-1↓, uPA↓, VEGF↓, FAK↓, NF-κB↓, TGF-β↓, ERK↓
- cause Cell cycle arrest : TumCCA↑, cyclin D1↓, cyclin E↓, CDK2↓, CDK4↓,
- inhibits Migration/Invasion : TumCMig↓, TumCI↓, FAK↓, ERK↓, EMT↓,
- inhibits glycolysis /Warburg Effect and ATP depletion : HIF-1α↓, PKM2↓, cMyc↓, GLUT1↓, LDH↓, LDHA↓, HK2↓, PFKs↓, PDKs↓, ECAR↓, OXPHOS↓, GRP78↑, GlucoseCon↓
- inhibits angiogenesis↓ : VEGF↓, HIF-1α↓, EGFR↓, Integrins↓,
- Others: PI3K↓, AKT↓, JAK↓, STAT↓, β-catenin↓, AMPK, ERK↓, JNK, P53↑,
- Synergies: chemo-sensitization, chemoProtective, RadioSensitizer, Others(review target notes), Neuroprotective, Cognitive, Renoprotection, Hepatoprotective, CardioProtective,

- Selectivity: Cancer Cells vs Normal Cells
Rank Pathway / Target Axis Direction Primary Effect Notes / Cancer Relevance
1 PKM2-mediated aerobic glycolysis (Warburg metabolism) ↓ Energy / biomass restriction Key, repeatedly reported mechanism: shikonin suppresses PKM2 activity and PKM2-driven glycolysis in multiple tumor models, with downstream growth inhibition and apoptosis
2 ROS accumulation / oxidative stress ↑ ROS Redox overload Common upstream trigger that drives mitochondrial dysfunction and regulated cell death programs; often precedes necroptosis/apoptosis signaling
3 Necroptosis core cascade (RIPK1 → RIPK3 → MLKL) ↑ Programmed necrotic cell death Strong evidence across cancers (e.g., leukemia and nasopharyngeal carcinoma): shikonin increases RIPK1/RIPK3/MLKL expression/activation; necroptosis inhibitors can blunt the effect
4 Mitochondrial integrity (ΔΨm) ↓ Mitochondrial dysfunction ROS-linked depolarization; acts as a pivot into intrinsic apoptosis and other death programs
5 Intrinsic apoptosis (BAX/BAK → Caspase-9/3) ↑ Programmed cell death Frequently observed; often framed as ROS → mitochondrial damage → caspase-dependent apoptosis
6 PKM2/STAT3 signaling axis ↓ Reduced survival & proliferation signaling In ESCC and related models, shikonin suppresses PKM2-driven glycolysis and down-modulates STAT3 pathway activity
7 NF-κB pathway ↓ Reduced pro-survival transcription Reported as part of multi-target suppression of inflammatory/anti-apoptotic programs in several tumor models and reviews
8 PI3K–AKT (± mTOR) ↓ Growth & resistance pathway inhibition Often described as sensitizing cells to apoptosis/TRAIL; may be secondary to oxidative stress and metabolic collapse
9 Stress MAPKs (JNK / p38) ↑ Pro-death stress signaling Common downstream response to ROS; can reinforce apoptosis and other death outcomes
10 Ferroptosis-related axis (lipid peroxidation; GPX4) ↑ lipid perox / ↓ GPX4 Iron-dependent oxidative death Reported prominently for acetylshikonin (a shikonin derivative): ROS-associated lipid peroxidation with reduced GPX4 expression alongside RIPK1/RIPK3/MLKL activation
11 Endoplasmic reticulum stress (UPR / ERS) ↑ Proteotoxic stress signaling Frequently mentioned in leukemia-focused mechanism summaries and broader reviews as contributory to growth arrest and death
12 Multiple regulated death programs (apoptosis / necroptosis / ferroptosis / pyroptosis) ↑ (context-dependent) Broader cell-death engagement Recent reviews emphasize that shikonin can engage several programmed cell death modalities depending on cell context and dosing
Rank Pathway / Target Axis Direction Primary Effect Notes / Cancer Relevance Ref
1 PKM2-mediated aerobic glycolysis (Warburg metabolism) ↓ PKM2 activity / ↓ glycolysis Energy & biomass restriction Demonstrates shikonin (and analogs) inhibit cancer glycolysis, reducing glucose consumption/lactate production via PKM2 targeting (ref)
2 PKM2 → STAT3 signaling axis ↓ PKM2-driven signaling / ↓ STAT3 pathway Reduced survival & proliferation ESCC study: shikonin suppresses PKM2-mediated aerobic glycolysis and regulates PKM2/STAT3 signaling (ref)
3 Necroptosis (RIPK1 → RIPK3 → MLKL) ↑ RIPK1/RIPK3/MLKL Programmed necrotic cell death Nasopharyngeal carcinoma: shikonin induces necroptosis with upregulation of RIPK1/RIPK3/MLKL (with ROS involvement) (ref)
4 ROS accumulation ↑ ROS Oxidative stress trigger Colon cancer model: shikonin increases intracellular ROS; ROS functions upstream of apoptosis (ref)
5 Mitochondrial apoptosis (Caspase-9/3) ↑ Caspase-9/3 Programmed cell death Same colon cancer study shows shikonin increases caspase-3 and caspase-9 activity (mitochondria-mediated apoptosis) (ref)
6 ER stress / UPR (PERK → eIF2α → CHOP) ↑ Proteotoxic stress apoptosis signaling Colon cancer: shikonin-induced apoptosis mediated by PERK/eIF2α/CHOP ER-stress pathway (ref)
7 Autophagic flux (autophagosome–lysosome completion) ↓ autophagic flux (blocked) ROS + apoptosis amplification Colorectal cancer: shikonin induces ROS and apoptosis by inhibiting autophagic flux (ref)
8 NF-κB signaling ↓ NF-κB activity Reduced pro-survival transcription Pancreatic cancer xenograft/mechanistic study: shikonin suppresses NF-κB activity and NF-κB–regulated gene products (ref)
9 PI3K–AKT–mTOR (stemness / chemoresistance axis) ↓ PI3K/AKT/mTOR Reduced survival & stemness Chemoresistant lung cancer CSC context: shikonin attenuates PI3K–Akt–mTOR pathway and reduces cancer stemness (ref)
10 Cell cycle control (p21; G2/M arrest) ↑ p21 / ↑ G2/M arrest Proliferation block Gastric cancer (AGS): shikonin induces cell-cycle arrest linked to p21 regulation (ref)
11 Invasion / metastasis programs (NF-κB-linked) ↓ invasion Anti-invasive phenotype Reports shikonin inhibits tumor invasion via down-regulation of NF-κB–related mechanisms in a high-metastatic tumor model (ref)
12 Chemosensitization via glycolysis suppression ↓ glycolysis / ↑ cisplatin sensitivity Combination benefit NSCLC: shikonin inhibits glycolysis and sensitizes cells to cisplatin (explicitly connecting metabolic suppression to chemosensitization) (ref)


Scientific Papers found: Click to Expand⟱
2195- SK,    Shikonin induces ferroptosis in osteosarcomas through the mitochondrial ROS-regulated HIF-1α/HO-1 axis
- in-vitro, OS, NA
TumCP↓, Ferroptosis↓, Hif1a↑, HO-1↑, Iron↑, ROS↑, GSH/GSSG↓, GPx4↓,
2194- SK,    Efficacy of Shikonin against Esophageal Cancer Cells and its possible mechanisms in vitro and in vivo
- in-vitro, ESCC, Eca109 - in-vitro, ESCC, EC9706 - in-vivo, NA, NA
tumCV↓, TumCCA↑, Apoptosis↑, EGFR↓, PI3K↓, Hif1a↓, PKM2↓, cycD1/CCND1↓, AntiTum↑,
2193- SK,    Shikonin Suppresses Lymphangiogenesis via NF-κB/HIF-1α Axis Inhibition
- in-vitro, Nor, HMVEC-dLy
*NF-kB↓, *Hif1a↓, other↓,
2192- SK,    Shikonin Inhibits Tumor Growth of ESCC by suppressing PKM2 mediated Aerobic Glycolysis and STAT3 Phosphorylation
- in-vitro, ESCC, KYSE-510 - in-vitro, ESCC, Eca109 - in-vivo, NA, NA
TumCP↓, Glycolysis↓, GlucoseCon↓, lactateProd↓, PKM2↓, p‑PKM2↓, p‑STAT3↓, GLUT1↓, HK2↓, TumW↓,
2191- SK,    Shikonin Suppresses Skin Carcinogenesis via Inhibiting Cell Proliferation
- in-vitro, Melanoma, NA
PKM2↓, ATF4↓, CDK4↓, COX2/PTGS2↓, MAPK↓,
2190- SK,    Shikonin exerts antitumor activity by causing mitochondrial dysfunction in hepatocellular carcinoma through PKM2-AMPK-PGC1α signaling pathway
- in-vitro, HCC, HCCLM3
TumCP↓, TumCMig↓, TumCI↓, Apoptosis↑, MMP↓, ROS↑, OCR↓, ATP↓, PKM2↓,

Showing Research Papers: 101 to 106 of 106
Prev Page 3 of 3

* indicates research on normal cells as opposed to diseased cells
Total Research Paper Matches: 106

Pathway results for Effect on Cancer / Diseased Cells:


Redox & Oxidative Stress(tgid=1) ⓘ

4-HNE↑, 1,   Catalase↓, 2,   Fenton↑, 1,   GPx↑, 1,   GPx4↓, 8,   GSH↓, 11,   GSH↑, 1,   GSH/GSSG↓, 4,   H2O2↑, 2,   HO-1↑, 2,   HO-1⇅, 1,   Iron↑, 5,   Keap1↑, 2,   lipid-P↑, 5,   MDA↑, 3,   Nrf1↑, 1,   NRF2↓, 4,   PYCR1↓, 1,   ROS?, 1,   ROS↓, 1,   ROS↑, 43,   i-ROS↑, 1,   SOD↓, 1,   SOD1↑, 1,   TrxR↓, 1,   TrxR1↓, 3,   xCT/SLC7A11↓, 1,  

Metal & Cofactor Biology(tgid=2) ⓘ

Ferritin↓, 1,  

Mitochondria & Bioenergetics(tgid=3) ⓘ

mtDam↑, 1,   OCR↓, 1,   OXPHOS⇅, 1,   PDH∅, 1,  

Core Metabolism/Glycolysis(tgid=4) ⓘ

AMPK↑, 1,   ATP↓, 6,   ECAR↓, 1,   FASN↓, 1,   G6PD↓, 1,   GlucoseCon↓, 11,   Glycolysis↓, 20,   GSK‐3β↑, 1,   ac‑Histones↑, 1,   HK1↓, 1,   HK2↓, 5,   lactateProd↓, 17,   LDHA∅, 1,   PDK1 / PDPK1↓, 2,   PFK1↓, 1,   PFK2↓, 1,   PKM2↓, 36,   PKM2∅, 1,   p‑PKM2↓, 2,   SIRT1↑, 1,   SIRT2↑, 1,   Warburg↓, 3,  

Cell Death(tgid=5) ⓘ

AIF↑, 1,   Apoptosis?, 1,   Apoptosis↓, 1,   Apoptosis↑, 22,   BAX↓, 1,   BAX↑, 4,   Bcl-2↓, 8,   Bcl-2↑, 2,   Bcl-xL↓, 1,   Casp↑, 4,   Casp3↑, 9,   cl‑Casp3↓, 1,   cl‑Casp3↑, 2,   proCasp3↓, 1,   proCasp3↑, 1,   Casp7↑, 1,   Casp8↑, 1,   cl‑Casp8↑, 1,   Casp9↑, 5,   Cyt‑c↑, 4,   DR5↑, 1,   Endon↑, 1,   Ferroptosis↓, 1,   Ferroptosis↑, 6,   GranB/GZMB↑, 1,   GRP58↓, 1,   GSDME↑, 1,   Mcl-1↓, 1,   Necroptosis↑, 8,   p38↓, 1,   p38↑, 2,   p‑p38↑, 1,   Perforin↑, 1,   Pyro↑, 1,   RIP3↓, 1,   RIP3↑, 5,   survivin↓, 1,   TRAIL↑, 1,   TumCD↑, 1,   XIAP↓, 1,   YAP/TEAD↓, 1,  

Kinase & Signal Transduction(tgid=6) ⓘ

Akt↓, 9,   p‑Akt↓, 2,   p‑Akt↑, 1,   EGFR↓, 5,   p‑EGFR↓, 1,   ERK↓, 4,   ERK↑, 1,   p‑ERK↓, 2,   p‑ERK↑, 2,   FLT3↓, 1,   IKKα↓, 1,   JAK1?, 1,   p‑JAK1↓, 1,   p‑JAK2↓, 1,   JNK↑, 4,   p‑JNK↑, 1,   MAPK↓, 1,   mTOR↓, 7,   mTOR↑, 1,   p70S6↓, 1,   P70S6K↓, 1,   PFKFB2↓, 1,   PI3K↓, 9,   PTEN↑, 2,   RIP1↓, 2,   RIP1↑, 6,   Src↓, 2,   Src↑, 1,   p‑STAT3↓, 2,  

Transcription & Epigenetics(tgid=7) ⓘ

ATF2↓, 1,   ATF3↑, 1,   ATF4↓, 1,   ATF4↑, 2,   cMyc↓, 1,   DLEU1↓, 1,   DNMT1↓, 2,   FOXO3↑, 1,   HDAC1↓, 1,   miR-155↓, 1,   Myc↓, 1,   OCT4↓, 1,   other↓, 1,   other↑, 1,   other↝, 1,   tumCV↓, 7,  

Protein Folding & ER Stress(tgid=8) ⓘ

CHOP/DDIT3↑, 4,   eIF2α↓, 1,   eIF2α↑, 3,   p‑eIF2α↑, 2,   ER Stress↑, 3,   GRP78/BiP↑, 1,   HSP70/HSPA5↑, 1,   IRE1↑, 1,   PERK↑, 3,  

Autophagy & Lysosomes(tgid=9) ⓘ

Beclin-1/ATG6↑, 1,   LC3B↑, 1,   LC3B-II↑, 1,   LC3I↑, 1,   p62↑, 1,   TumAuto↑, 5,  

DNA Damage & Repair(tgid=10) ⓘ

DFF45↓, 1,   DNAdam↑, 4,   P53↑, 8,   PARP↑, 1,   cl‑PARP↑, 7,   PCNA↓, 1,  

Cell Cycle & Senescence(tgid=11) ⓘ

CDK2↓, 1,   CDK4↓, 2,   cycD1/CCND1↓, 5,   cycE/CCNE↓, 2,   Ki-67↓, 1,   P21↓, 1,   P21↑, 3,   TumCCA↓, 1,   TumCCA↑, 13,  

Proliferation, Differentiation & Cell State(tgid=12) ⓘ

4E-BP1↓, 1,   CSCs↓, 1,   Diff↑, 2,   GTPBP4↓, 1,   IGF-1↓, 1,   p‑IGF-1↓, 1,   Ki-67↓, 1,   Nanog↓, 1,   TumCG↓, 12,   TumCP↓, 23,  

Migration(tgid=13) ⓘ

Ca+2↓, 1,   Ca+2↑, 3,   mt-Ca+2↑, 1,   CD11b↑, 1,   E-cadherin↑, 2,   EMT↓, 3,   FAK↓, 2,   ITGB1↓, 1,   MMP13↓, 2,   MMP2↓, 2,   MMP3↓, 1,   MMP7↓, 2,   MMP9↓, 4,   MMPs↓, 1,   N-cadherin↓, 1,   PAK1↓, 1,   Snail↓, 1,   TGF-β↓, 2,   TIMP1↑, 1,   TumCA↓, 1,   TumCI↓, 12,   TumCMig↓, 13,   TumMeta↓, 1,   uPA↓, 1,   Vim↓, 1,   β-catenin/ZEB1↓, 1,  

Angiogenesis & Vasculature(tgid=14) ⓘ

angioG↓, 1,   EGR1↑, 1,   Hif1a↓, 6,   Hif1a↑, 1,   VCAM-1↓, 1,   VEGF↓, 2,   VEGFR2/KDR/Flk1↓, 1,   VM↓, 1,  

Barriers & Transport(tgid=15) ⓘ

GLUT1↓, 6,   GLUT1∅, 1,   GLUT3↓, 1,   GLUT3∅, 1,   MMP↓, 14,  

Immune & Inflammatory Signaling(tgid=16) ⓘ

CD14↑, 1,   COX2/PTGS2↓, 3,   Gal1↑, 1,   HMGB1↓, 1,   IFN-γ↓, 1,   IL1β↓, 2,   IL6↓, 3,   NF-kB↓, 10,   NK cell↑, 1,   p65↓, 1,   PD-L1↓, 1,   TLR2↓, 1,   TNF-α↓, 2,  

Cellular Microenvironment(tgid=17) ⓘ

ADAM17↓, 1,   pH↝, 1,   TAMS↝, 1,  

Hormonal & Nuclear Receptors(tgid=20) ⓘ

AR↓, 1,   ERα/ESR1↓, 1,  

Drug Metabolism & Resistance(tgid=21) ⓘ

BioAv↓, 2,   ChemoSen↑, 8,   Dose↝, 2,   eff↓, 14,   eff↑, 6,   eff⇅, 1,   eff↝, 3,   Half-Life↓, 1,   Half-Life↝, 2,   MDR1↓, 1,   RadioS↑, 1,   selectivity↑, 11,   Synergy↑, 2,  

Clinical Biomarkers(tgid=22) ⓘ

AR↓, 1,   EGFR↓, 5,   p‑EGFR↓, 1,   ERα/ESR1↓, 1,   Ferritin↓, 1,   IL6↓, 3,   LDH↓, 1,   LDH↝, 1,   LDH∅, 1,   Myc↓, 1,   PD-L1↓, 1,  

Functional Outcomes(tgid=23) ⓘ

AntiCan↑, 2,   AntiTum↑, 2,   cardioP↑, 1,   chemoP↑, 1,   chemoPv↑, 1,   OS↑, 3,   QoL↑, 1,   Remission↑, 1,   TumVol↓, 4,   TumW↓, 3,   Weight↑, 1,  

Infection & Microbiome(tgid=24) ⓘ

GutMicro↑, 1,  
Total Targets: 273

Pathway results for Effect on Normal Cells:


Redox & Oxidative Stress(tgid=1) ⓘ

antiOx↑, 4,   Catalase↑, 1,   GCLC↑, 1,   GPx↑, 1,   GPx4↓, 1,   GSH↑, 5,   GSS↑, 1,   HO-1↑, 5,   HO-1↝, 1,   Iron↓, 1,   lipid-P↑, 1,   MDA↓, 2,   MPO↓, 3,   NQO1↑, 2,   NRF2↓, 1,   NRF2↑, 10,   ROS?, 1,   ROS↓, 9,   ROS↑, 1,   SOD↑, 6,   TAC↑, 1,  

Metal & Cofactor Biology(tgid=2) ⓘ

NCOA4↝, 1,  

Core Metabolism/Glycolysis(tgid=4) ⓘ

ALAT↓, 3,   AMPK↑, 1,   lactateProd↓, 1,   PKM2↓, 3,   SIRT1↓, 1,   SIRT1↑, 1,  

Cell Death(tgid=5) ⓘ

Apoptosis↓, 2,   BAX↓, 3,   Bcl-2↑, 3,   Casp1↓, 1,   Casp12↓, 1,   Casp3↓, 1,   Casp3↑, 1,   cl‑Casp3↓, 1,   Ferroptosis↓, 1,   iNOS↓, 2,   p38↓, 1,   p‑p38↓, 1,  

Kinase & Signal Transduction(tgid=6) ⓘ

Akt↑, 1,   p‑Akt↑, 1,   ERK↓, 1,   p‑ERK↓, 1,   p‑IKKα↓, 1,   JNK↓, 1,   Mst1↓, 1,   PI3K↑, 1,   p‑PTEN↓, 1,   STAT3↑, 1,  

Transcription & Epigenetics(tgid=7) ⓘ

p‑cJun↓, 1,   other↑, 1,  

Protein Folding & ER Stress(tgid=8) ⓘ

CHOP/DDIT3↓, 1,   p‑eIF2α↓, 1,   ER Stress↓, 1,   GRP78/BiP↓, 1,  

Proliferation, Differentiation & Cell State(tgid=12) ⓘ

TumCG↓, 1,  

Migration(tgid=13) ⓘ

ARG1/2↑, 1,   EMT↑, 1,   TGF-β↑, 1,  

Angiogenesis & Vasculature(tgid=14) ⓘ

E-sel↓, 1,   Hif1a↓, 1,   NO↓, 1,   VCAM-1↓, 1,  

Barriers & Transport(tgid=15) ⓘ

MMP↓, 1,   NHE3↑, 1,  

Immune & Inflammatory Signaling(tgid=16) ⓘ

AIM2↓, 1,   COX2/PTGS2↓, 1,   HMGB1↓, 1,   ICAM-1↓, 1,   IFN-γ↓, 1,   IL10↓, 1,   IL10↑, 1,   IL17↓, 2,   IL18↓, 1,   IL1β↓, 4,   IL6↓, 5,   IL8↓, 1,   Inflam?, 1,   Inflam↓, 7,   NF-kB↓, 3,   NF-kB↑, 1,   p‑NF-kB↓, 1,   NLRP3↓, 1,   p‑p50↓, 1,   p‑p65↓, 1,   TNF-α↓, 7,  

Synaptic & Neurotransmission(tgid=18) ⓘ

BDNF↑, 1,  

Hormonal & Nuclear Receptors(tgid=20) ⓘ

AhR↑, 1,  

Drug Metabolism & Resistance(tgid=21) ⓘ

BioAv↓, 2,   BioAv↑, 2,   CYP1A1↑, 1,   CYP1A2↑, 1,   CYP2C6↑, 1,   CYP2D1↑, 1,   CYP3A2↑, 1,   Dose↝, 1,   eff↓, 3,   eff↑, 2,   Half-Life↝, 1,  

Clinical Biomarkers(tgid=22) ⓘ

ALAT↓, 3,   AST↓, 3,   BMD↑, 1,   IL6↓, 5,  

Functional Outcomes(tgid=23) ⓘ

cardioP↑, 1,   cognitive↑, 2,   hepatoP↑, 3,   motorD↑, 1,   neuroP↑, 5,   RenoP↑, 3,   toxicity↓, 3,   toxicity∅, 2,  

Infection & Microbiome(tgid=24) ⓘ

Sepsis↓, 1,  
Total Targets: 113

Query results interpretion may depend on "conditions" listed in the research papers.
Such Conditions may include : 
  -low or high Dose
  -format for product, such as nano of lipid formations
  -different cell line effects
  -synergies with other products 
  -if effect was for normal or cancerous cells

Filter Conditions: Pro/AntiFlg:%  IllCat:%  CanType:%  Cells:%  prod#:150  Target#:%  State#:%  Dir#:%
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