Lycopene / hepatoP Cancer Research Results

Lyco, Lycopene: Click to Expand ⟱
Features:
Lycopene is a naturally occurring carotenoid found predominantly in tomatoes and other red fruits and vegetables.

Lycopene — a highly lipophilic, acyclic C40 carotenoid (tetraterpene) responsible for the red coloration of tomatoes, watermelon, pink grapefruit, guava, and related foods. It is a non-provitamin-A carotenoid and dietary bioactive rather than an approved anticancer drug. Standard abbreviations include Lyc and LYCO. Tomatoes and processed tomato products are the dominant dietary sources in many populations. Lycopene isomers and oxidative metabolites may differ biologically; circulating and tissue lycopene contains a substantially larger cis-isomer fraction than typical raw tomato sources.

Primary mechanisms (ranked):

  1. Redox modulation: strong singlet-oxygen quenching and antioxidant activity predominate physiologically, while some cancer models show context-dependent mitochondrial ROS generation and pro-oxidant apoptosis.
  2. IGF-1 / PI3K / AKT / mTOR growth signaling suppression, contributing to reduced proliferation and increased apoptosis in multiple experimental cancer models.
  3. Mevalonate / HMG-CoA reductase / Ras signaling suppression, reducing cholesterol synthesis, protein prenylation, Ras membrane localization, and downstream proliferative signaling.
  4. Cell-cycle inhibition through cyclin D1 and other cyclins/CDKs with increased p21/p27 and G0/G1 or other model-dependent arrest.
  5. Intrinsic apoptosis modulation through increased Bax:Bcl-2 ratio, mitochondrial dysfunction, cytochrome-c release, and caspase activation in responsive cancer models.
  6. Anti-inflammatory signaling through suppression of NF-κB, COX-2, IL-6, TNF-α and related inflammatory mediators.
  7. Migration, invasion and EMT suppression involving FAK, MMP2/MMP9, β-catenin, Rho-family signaling and epithelial-mesenchymal transition pathways.
  8. Anti-angiogenic signaling involving VEGF and HIF-1α suppression in selected experimental systems.
  9. NRF2-dependent antioxidant defense is important primarily in normal-cell protection and chemoprevention models; its direction in established cancer is context-dependent rather than uniformly beneficial.

Bioavailability / PK relevance: Oral absorption is formulation- and food-matrix-dependent. Lycopene is lipophilic and incorporation into mixed micelles is improved by dietary fat, disruption of the tomato matrix by processing, and some cis-rich formulations. Human isotope studies indicate substantial interindividual variability and postabsorptive trans-to-cis isomerization. Plasma/tissue persistence is relatively long compared with many phytochemicals, but reported half-life depends strongly on the kinetic model and whether endogenous/background lycopene is being measured.
- tangerine tomato juice has a marked 8.5-fold increase in lycopene bioavailability compared to red tomato juice
- taking with olive oil improves bioavailability. - Lycopene from fresh and unprocessed tomatoes is poorly absorbed by humans. Absorption of lycopene is higher from processed foods such as tomato paste and tomato juice heated in oil.
- cis-isomers of lycopene are more bioavailable than trans-lycopene probably because cis-isomers are more soluble in bile acid micelles.(tomato-based foods contain mainly all-trans-lycopene)
>

In-vitro vs systemic exposure relevance: Many anticancer experiments use approximately 1–20 µM lycopene, with several mechanistic studies clustering near 2.5–10 µM. Human circulating concentrations after dietary or supplemental intake are generally much lower than the upper concentrations used experimentally; therefore mechanisms demonstrated at high micromolar concentrations should not automatically be assumed achievable in tumors after ordinary oral supplementation. Formulation, food matrix, tissue accumulation and lycopene metabolites further complicate direct concentration comparisons.

Clinical evidence status: RCT / small human / observational evidence, but not established anticancer treatment. Human studies are strongest for biomarker modulation and prostate-related research, while prospective epidemiology generally associates higher dietary or circulating lycopene with modestly lower cancer risk. Trials have not established lycopene as a replacement for standard cancer therapy. Lycopene is used as a food constituent and dietary supplement; FDA GRAS determinations for specified food uses are not anticancer drug approvals.


Antioxidant Properties:
-Lycopene is a powerful antioxidant. It helps neutralize free radicals, which can reduce oxidative stress—a factor implicated in cancer development. Possible concern about interfering with chemotherapy and radiation therapy. However this review disagrees.
Inflammation Reduction:
-Some studies suggest that lycopene may help lower levels of inflammation, another process linked to cancer progression

At supraphysiological or extremely high concentrations, lycopene may have the potential to switch from an antioxidant to a prooxidant role
-The prooxidant effect of lycopene has been observed under conditions of high oxygen tension. In vitro studies have suggested that in environments with elevated oxygen levels, lycopene might promote rather than neutralize the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS).
-The presence of metal ions (such as iron or copper) in the environment can catalyze reactions where antioxidants, including lycopene, contribute to oxidative processes. These metals can interact with lycopene, potentially leading to the formation of radicals.

The mevalonate pathway produces cholesterol and a variety of isoprenoids, which are important for maintaining cell membrane integrity, protein prenylation, and other essential cellular functions.
-One of the primary enzymes in this pathway is HMG-CoA reductase (3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase), which is the target of statin drugs used for lowering cholesterol. Some studies suggest that lycopene might downregulate the activity of HMG-CoA reductase or other enzymes in the mevalonate pathway. By doing so, lycopene could potentially reduce the synthesis of cholesterol and isoprenoids that are necessary for rapid cell proliferation—an especially relevant aspect in cancer cells.

Lycopene typically used in a 100mg/day range for cancer (inhibition of the the Melavonate Pathway)
-also has antiplatelet aggregation capability.

-Note half-life 16–20 days (other ref 5 days).
BioAv Heat processing, especially when combined with a small amount of fat, significantly enhances lycopene’s bioaccessibility and absorption. (20% under optimal conditions)
Pathways:
- ROS usually goes down, but may go up or down depending on dose and environment. Lycopene may also be modified to be a "oxdiative product" which may change the behaviour.
- Raises AntiOxidant defense in Normal Cells: ROS↓, NRF2↑, SOD↑, GSH↑, Catalase↑,
- lowers Inflammation : NF-kB↓, COX2↓, p38↓, Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines : NLRP3↓, IL-1β↓, TNF-α↓, IL-6↓, IL-8↓
- inhibit Growth/Metastases : EMT↓, MMPs↓, MMP9↓, IGF-1↓, uPA↓, VEGF↓, ROCK1↓, FAK↓, RhoA↓, NF-κB↓, ERK↓
- reactivate genes thereby inhibiting cancer cell growth : EZH2↓, P53↑, Sp proteins↓,
- cause Cell cycle arrest : TumCCA↑, cyclin D1↓, cyclin E↓, CDK2↓, CDK4↓,
- inhibits Migration/Invasion : TumCMig↓, TumCI↓, TNF-α↓, FAK↓, ERK↓, EMT↓,
- inhibits angiogenesis↓ : VEGF↓, HIF-1α↓, Integrins↓,
- Others: PI3K↓, AKT↓, JAK↓, STAT↓, Wnt↓, β-catenin↓, AMPK, ERK↓, JNK, - SREBP (related to cholesterol).
- Synergies: chemo-sensitization, chemoProtective, RadioSensitizer, RadioProtective, Others(review target notes), Neuroprotective, Cognitive, Renoprotection, Hepatoprotective, CardioProtective,

- Selectivity: Cancer Cells vs Normal Cells

Lycopene Mechanistic Ranking

Rank Pathway / Axis Cancer Cells Normal Cells TSF Primary Effect Notes / Interpretation
1 Redox and reactive oxygen species ROS ↓ or ↑ (context-dependent); mt-ROS ↑ in selected models ROS ↓; lipid peroxidation ↓ R–G Redox modulation Antioxidant behavior predominates physiologically, but pro-oxidant mitochondrial ROS-mediated apoptosis occurs in some cancer models. Direction depends on cell type, oxygen tension, dose and lycopene oxidation state.
2 IGF-1 / PI3K / AKT / mTOR IGF-1 signaling ↓; PI3K ↓; AKT ↓; mTOR ↓ ↔ or protective modulation (context-dependent) R–G Growth and survival signaling ↓ One of the most recurrent cancer-relevant signaling clusters; effects vary by tumor model.
3 Mevalonate / HMG-CoA reductase / Ras HMG-CoA reductase ↓; cholesterol synthesis ↓; membrane Ras ↓ LDL/cholesterol regulation ↓ (context-dependent) G Growth signaling and prenylation ↓ Mechanistically important but demonstrated mainly preclinically. Mevalonate can reverse lycopene-induced growth inhibition in experimental cancer cells.
4 Cell-cycle machinery Cyclin D1 ↓; cyclin E ↓; CDK2 ↓; CDK4 ↓; p21 ↑; p27 ↑; arrest ↑ ↔ (generally spared) G Proliferation ↓ Frequently reported downstream consequence of growth-factor, Ras and AKT pathway suppression.
5 Mitochondrial apoptosis Bax:Bcl-2 ↑; MMP ↓; Cyt-c ↑; caspase-9 ↑; caspase-3 ↑; apoptosis ↑ Mitochondrial damage ↓; apoptosis ↓ under oxidative injury R–G Selective death signaling Direction differs markedly by malignant versus stressed normal-cell context.
6 NF-κB inflammatory signaling NF-κB ↓; COX-2 ↓; IL-6 ↓; TNF-α ↓ NF-κB ↓; inflammatory cytokines ↓ R–G Inflammation ↓ Supported across cancer and non-cancer inflammatory models; likely partly secondary to redox and kinase modulation.
7 EMT / FAK / MMP invasion axis EMT ↓; FAK ↓; MMP2 ↓; MMP9 ↓; migration ↓; invasion ↓ ↔ (context-dependent) G Migration and invasion ↓ Relevant mainly to preclinical metastatic phenotypes rather than demonstrated clinical antimetastatic efficacy.
8 Wnt / β-catenin / STAT3 Wnt ↓; β-catenin ↓; JAK1 ↓; STAT3 ↓ ↔ (context-dependent) G Proliferative transcription ↓ Observed in several epithelial cancer models but not established as a universal primary target.
9 VEGF / HIF-1α angiogenesis VEGF ↓; HIF-1α ↓; angiogenesis ↓ ↔ or angiogenic signaling ↓ (context-dependent) G Angiogenesis ↓ Predominantly preclinical evidence.
10 NRF2 / antioxidant response NRF2 ↑ or ↓ (context-dependent) NRF2 ↑; HO-1 ↑; NQO1 ↑; SOD ↑; GSH defense ↑ R–G Stress defense ↑ NRF2 activation is well supported in protective normal-tissue models. In established cancer, NRF2 biology is dual-sided and should not be represented as uniformly anticancer.
11 DNA damage and genomic protection DNA damage ↑ or ↓ (model-dependent); p53 ↑ Oxidative DNA damage ↓ G Context-dependent genomic modulation Normal-cell chemoprevention and cancer-cell killing can produce opposite apparent directions.
12 Glycolysis and metabolic signaling Glycolysis ↓ (limited evidence); c-Myc ↓; G6PD ↓ ↔ G Metabolic growth support ↓ Evidence is substantially less developed than for AKT, cell cycle or redox pathways; should remain secondary.
13 Chemosensitization Sensitivity ↑ (drug- and model-dependent) Chemotoxicity may ↓ in protective models G Adjunct response modulation Preclinical sensitization has been reported, including androgen-axis therapies; simultaneous cytoprotection is also reported with some cytotoxic agents, so interaction cannot be generalized.
14 Radiosensitivity and radioprotection ↔ or sensitivity ↑ (model-dependent) Radioprotection ↑ in some models G Context-dependent radiation interaction Evidence supports both antioxidant radioprotection and experimental radiosensitization depending on system; clinical significance remains uncertain.
15 Clinical Translation Constraint Oral tumor exposure uncertain Generally well tolerated at nutritional and commonly studied supplemental exposure G Translation limited Low and variable oral bioavailability, food-matrix effects, nonlinear dose-exposure relationships, uncertain tumor concentrations, and limited adequately powered cancer RCTs constrain translation of high-concentration in-vitro mechanisms.

TSF: P: 0–30 min    R: 30 min–3 hr    G: >3 hr



Alzheimer’s disease relevance: Lycopene has meaningful preclinical AD relevance but no established clinical efficacy. Cell and animal models report reduced oxidative stress and neuroinflammation, improved mitochondrial function, suppression of BACE1 and amyloidogenic signaling, reduced Aβ burden, attenuation of tau hyperphosphorylation, and preservation of BDNF/synaptic signaling. Human evidence remains insufficient to classify lycopene as an AD treatment.

Translation status: Preclinical only for disease-modifying AD mechanisms. Computational, cellular, rodent and formulation studies support biological plausibility, but clinical supplementation studies have not demonstrated prevention or treatment of Alzheimer’s disease.

Lycopene in Alzheimer’s Disease Models

Rank Pathway / Axis Modulation Primary Effect Notes / Interpretation
1 Oxidative stress / NRF2 ROS ↓; NRF2 ↑; antioxidant defense ↑ Oxidative neuronal injury ↓ One of the most consistent effects in cellular and animal neurotoxicity models.
2 Amyloid / BACE1 BACE1 ↓; Aβ ↓ Amyloidogenic processing ↓ Supported experimentally; no demonstrated disease-modifying effect in humans.
3 Neuroinflammation / NF-κB NF-κB ↓; TNF-α ↓; IL-1β ↓; IL-6 ↓ Neuroinflammation ↓ Reported in several Aβ and inflammatory animal models.
4 Mitochondrial function mt-ROS ↓; MMP preserved; mitochondrial damage ↓ Bioenergetic integrity ↑ Consistent with antioxidant and anti-apoptotic neuronal effects.
5 Tau phosphorylation Hyperphosphorylated tau ↓ Tau pathology ↓ Demonstrated in transgenic mouse models; human relevance remains unproven.
6 BDNF / synaptic plasticity BDNF ↑; TrkB signaling ↑ Synaptic resilience ↑ Preclinical evidence suggests preservation of learning/memory pathways.
7 Neuronal apoptosis Bax:Bcl-2 ↓; Cyt-c ↓; caspase-3 ↓ Neuronal survival ↑ Predominantly secondary to redox, mitochondrial and inflammatory modulation.


hepatoP, L,hepatoprotective: Click to Expand ⟱
Source:
Type:
Hepatoprotective is the ability of a chemical substance to prevent damage to the liver.

Grapefruit:
-hepatoprotective potential has emerged from the study of naringenin and naringin.
Blueberries/cranberries:
-proanthocyanidins
Grape:
Nopal (Cactus pear) and tuna (Cactus pear fruit) “Opuntia ficus-indica”:
Chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla or Chamomilla recutita):
Silymarin (Silybum marianum):
Blue green algae spirulina :
Propolis (bee glue):

POLYSACCHARIDES
β-glucans
Scientific Papers found: Click to Expand⟱
4788- Lyco,    Lycopene as a potential anticancer agent: Current evidence on synergism, drug delivery systems and epidemiology (Review)
- Review, Var, NA
AntiCan↑, It may be associated with a reduction in the morbidity and mortality of several types of cancer, making it a prom‑ ising anticancer agent
ChemoSen↑, present review summarizes the synergistic effects of lycopene as a dietary supplement with other chemotherapy drugs or nutrients, for the enhancement of anticancer effects or the reduction of side effects from chemotherapy drugs.
chemoP↑,
Dose↝, Shao and Hathcock (20) proposed a 75 mg/day intake as the upper limit of lycopene for supplements, as no adverse effects were reported from continuous administration of 75 mg/day lycopene in a 4‑week clinical study
BioAv↑, Thermal processing of tomato products can cause changes in the structure of lycopene to shift and yield cis‑isomers in the product and this form is more bioavailable
BioAv↑, The presence of fat in food also helps enhance the absorption of lycopene (40) and its absorption is influenced by the amount of ingested fat, and the type and emulsification of dietary fat
BioAv↓, avoid the consumption of lycopene concurrently with high dietary fiber, as several types of dietary fiber (e.g. pectin, guar, alginate, etc.) are associated with lower bioavailability of lycopene
cardioP↑, figure 2
AntiDiabetic↑,
hepatoP↑,
neuroP↑,
MAPK↓, 2 mg/kg; 5 mg/kg Inhibition of MAPK signaling pathway (48) and decreased MMP‑2 and MMP‑9 activities through the activation of NM23‑H1, TIMP‑1 and TIMP‑2 expression.
MMP2↓,
MMP9↓,
TIMP1↑,
TIMP2↑,

8414- Lyco,    Exploring the Therapeutic Potential of Lycopene: Mechanisms, Biological Activities, and Health Benefits
- Review, Var, NA - Review, AD, NA
*ROS↓, regulation of oxidative stress, inflammation
*Inflam↓,
*hepatoP↑, Its role containing nephroprotective, hepatoprotective, cardioprotective, and neuroprotective properties, anti-arthritis, anti-obesity, and wound healing has been documented
*cardioP↑,
*neuroP↑,
*AntiArt↑,
*Obesity↓,
*Wound Healing↑,
*BioAv↑, potential of emerging nanoformulation strategies to improve its bioavailability and therapeutic efficacy in disease management.
*GSTs↑, In TD-challenged rats, hepatic activities and gene expression of glutathione S-transferase (GST), thioredoxin-1 (Txn-1), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT) were decreased; these changes were mitigated by lycopene.
*Trx1↑,
*SOD↑,
*Catalase↑,
*ALAT↓, 5 mg/kg b.w led to partial, dose-dependent improvements in ALT, LDH, AST, and MDA levels
*LDH↓,
*AST↓,
*MDA↓,
*cognitive↑, Lycopene has also been reported to reduce neuronal damage, inhibit oxidative stress, and improve cognitive function in various experimental models.
*memory↑, chronic lycopene administration caused an improvement in memory retention, reducing neuroinflammation
*NeuroI↓,
*Aβ↓, The lycopene administration was found to reduce Aβ accumulation, increase the LRP1 levels, and reduce the RAGE levels in the cerebrospinal fluid or the choroid plexus.
*LRP1↑,
*RAGE↓,
*NRF2↑, lycopene exerts a protective role against global ischemic brain injury through its activation of the Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway and anti-apoptotic properties
*HO-1↑,
tumCV?, lycopene significantly decreases cell viability by increasing the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio and promoting DNA fragmentation.
Bax:Bcl2↑,
DNAdam↑,
Apoptosis↑, lycopene induces apoptosis through suppressing β-catenin-c-myc/cyclin D1 axis and reducing ROS levels.
β-catenin/ZEB1↓,
cMyc↓,
cycD1/CCND1↓,
ROS↓,
TumCCA↑, Lycopene plays a substantial role in inhibition of cancer cell growth by causing cell cycle arrest.
Akt↓, Lycopene treatment suppressed Akt activation as well as non-phosphorylated β-catenin protein level
*Synergy↑, The results showed that even at low concentrations, lycopene and EPA worked synergistically to inhibit cancer cell proliferation.
*MDA↓, important reduction in colon tissue L-MDA and down-regulation of NF-κB, TGF-β1, caspase-3, in addition to a noticeable increase in CAT activity and GSH concentration, and up-regulation of Bcl-2 and IL-10 were detected after lycopene treatment
*NF-kB↓,
*TGF-β↓,
*Casp3↓,
*Catalase↑,
*GSH↑,
*Bcl-2↑,
*IL10↑,
*MUC1↑, It enhances mucin production, contributing to improved mucosal barrier function.
*IBI↑,
*RenoP↑, lycopene as renoprotective was confirmed through different mechanisms
*ChemoSen↑, lycopene enhances the sensitivity of cervical cancer cells to cisplatin by downregulating Bcl-2 expression, upregulating Bax expression and reducing cell viability
*Synergy↑, Curcumin Effect on benign prostatic hyperplasia ° The combination treatment attenuated prostate hyperplasia and alleviated BPH pathological features.
*Synergy↑, lycopene, given together with methotrexate, improved serum urea, creatinine levels, reduced oxidative damage markers, and suggestively reversed structural changes in kidney tissue
*BMD↑, It was noticed that substantial bone density loss was not noticed in women taking the tomato sauce, whereas the control group had bone loss.

3268- Lyco,    Lycopene as a Natural Antioxidant Used to Prevent Human Health Disorders
- Review, AD, NA
*BioAv↓, Lycopene bioavailability can be decreased by ageing, and some of the pathological states, such as cardiovascular diseases (CVDs)
*AntiCan↑, For instance, it has been shown that a higher dietary intake and circulating concentration of lycopene have protective effects against prostate cancer (PCa), in a dose-dependent way
*ROCK1↓, It remarkably lessened the expression of ROCK1, Ki-67, ICAM-1 and ROCK2,
*Ki-67↓,
*ICAM-1↓,
*cardioP↑, Lycopene is a cardioprotective nutraceutical.
*antiOx↑, Lycopene is a well-known antioxidant.
*NQO1↑, Furthermore, lycopene supplementation improves mRNA expressions of the NQO-1 and HO-1 as antioxidant enzymes.
*HO-1↑,
*TNF-α↓, downregulate inflammatory cytokines (i.e., TNF-α, and IL-1β) in the hippocampus of the mice.
*IL22↓,
*NRF2↑, Lycopene decreased neuronal oxidative damage by activating Nrf2, as well as by inactivating NF-κB translocation in H2O2-related SH-SY5Y cell model
*NF-kB↓,
*MDA↓, significantly reduced the malondialdehyde (MDA)
*Catalase↑, Furthermore, it improved the catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and GSH levels, and antioxidant capacity [109].
*SOD↑,
*GSH↑,
*cognitive↑, Lycopene administration considerably improved cognitive defects, noticeably reduced MDA levels and elevated GSH-Px activity, and remarkably reduced tau
*tau↓,
*hepatoP↑, Lycopene was also found to be effective against hepatotoxicity by acting as an antioxidant, regulating total glutathione (tGSH) and CAT concentrations
*MMP2↑, It also elevated MMP-2 down-regulation
*AST↓, lowering the liver enzymes levels, like aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), LDL, free fatty acid, and MDA.
*ALAT↓,
*P450↑, Moreover, tomato powder has been shown to have a protective agent against alcohol-induced hepatic injury by inducing cytochrome p450 2E1
*DNAdam↓, lycopene decreased DNA damage
*ROS↓, It has been revealed that they inhibited ROS production, protected antioxidant enzymes, and reversed hepatotoxicity in rats’ liver
*neuroP↑, lycopene consumption relieved cognitive defects, age-related memory loss, neuronal damage, and synaptic dysfunction of the brain.
*memory↑,
*Ca+2↓, Lycopene suppressed the 4-AP-invoked release of glutamate and elevated intra-synaptosomal Ca2+ level.
*Dose↝, an in vivo study revealed that lycopene (6.5 mg/day) was effective against cancer in men [147]. However, lycopene dose should be increased up to 10 mg/day, in the case of advanced PCa.
*Dose↑, lycopene supplementation (15 mg/day, for 12 weeks) in an old aged population improved immune function through increasing natural killer cell activity by 28%
*Dose↝, Finally, according to different epidemiological studies, daily lycopene intake can be suggested to be 2 to 20 mg per day
*toxicity∅, A toxicological study on rats showed the no-observed-adverse-effect level at the highest examined dose (i.e., 1.0% in the diet)
PGE2↓, Lycopene doses of 0, 10, 20, and 30 µM were used to treat human colorectal cancer cell. Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), and NO levels declined after lycopene administration,
CDK2↓, Treatment with lycopene reduced cell hyperproliferation induced by UVB and ultimately promoted apoptosis and reduced CDK2 and CDK4 complex in SKH-1 hairless mice
CDK4↓,
STAT3↓, lycopene reduced the STAT3 expression in ovarian tissues
NOX↓, (SK-Hep-1) cells and indicated a substantial reduction in NOX activity. Moreover, it inhibits the protein expression of NOX4, NOX4 mRNA and ROS intracellular amounts
NOX4↓,
ROS↓,
*SREBP1/SREBF1↓, Lycopene decreases the fatty acid synthase (FAS), sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1c (SREBP-1c), and Acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC1) expression in HFD mice.
*FASN↓,
*ACC↓,


Showing Research Papers: 1 to 3 of 3

* indicates research on normal cells as opposed to diseased cells
Total Research Paper Matches: 3

Pathway results for Effect on Cancer / Diseased Cells:


Redox & Oxidative Stress(tgid=1) ⓘ

NOX↓, 1,   NOX4↓, 1,   ROS↓, 2,  

Cell Death(tgid=5) ⓘ

Apoptosis↑, 1,   Bax:Bcl2↑, 1,  

Kinase & Signal Transduction(tgid=6) ⓘ

Akt↓, 1,   MAPK↓, 1,   STAT3↓, 1,  

Transcription & Epigenetics(tgid=7) ⓘ

cMyc↓, 1,   tumCV?, 1,  

DNA Damage & Repair(tgid=10) ⓘ

DNAdam↑, 1,  

Cell Cycle & Senescence(tgid=11) ⓘ

CDK2↓, 1,   CDK4↓, 1,   cycD1/CCND1↓, 1,   TumCCA↑, 1,  

Migration(tgid=13) ⓘ

MMP2↓, 1,   MMP9↓, 1,   TIMP1↑, 1,   TIMP2↑, 1,   β-catenin/ZEB1↓, 1,  

Immune & Inflammatory Signaling(tgid=16) ⓘ

PGE2↓, 1,  

Drug Metabolism & Resistance(tgid=21) ⓘ

BioAv↓, 1,   BioAv↑, 2,   ChemoSen↑, 1,   Dose↝, 1,  

Functional Outcomes(tgid=23) ⓘ

AntiCan↑, 1,   AntiDiabetic↑, 1,   cardioP↑, 1,   chemoP↑, 1,   hepatoP↑, 1,   neuroP↑, 1,  
Total Targets: 31

Pathway results for Effect on Normal Cells:


Redox & Oxidative Stress(tgid=1) ⓘ

antiOx↑, 1,   Catalase↑, 3,   GSH↑, 2,   GSTs↑, 1,   HO-1↑, 2,   MDA↓, 3,   NQO1↑, 1,   NRF2↑, 2,   ROS↓, 2,   SOD↑, 2,   Trx1↑, 1,  

Core Metabolism/Glycolysis(tgid=4) ⓘ

ACC↓, 1,   ALAT↓, 2,   FASN↓, 1,   SREBP1/SREBF1↓, 1,  

Cell Death(tgid=5) ⓘ

Bcl-2↑, 1,   Casp3↓, 1,  

DNA Damage & Repair(tgid=10) ⓘ

DNAdam↓, 1,  

Cell Cycle & Senescence(tgid=11) ⓘ

Ki-67↓, 1,  

Proliferation, Differentiation & Cell State(tgid=12) ⓘ

Ki-67↓, 1,  

Migration(tgid=13) ⓘ

Ca+2↓, 1,   LRP1↑, 1,   MMP2↑, 1,   MUC1↑, 1,   ROCK1↓, 1,   TGF-β↓, 1,  

Barriers & Transport(tgid=15) ⓘ

IBI↑, 1,  

Immune & Inflammatory Signaling(tgid=16) ⓘ

ICAM-1↓, 1,   IL10↑, 1,   IL22↓, 1,   Inflam↓, 1,   NeuroI↓, 1,   NF-kB↓, 2,   RAGE↓, 1,   TNF-α↓, 1,  

Protein Aggregation(tgid=19) ⓘ

Aβ↓, 1,   tau↓, 1,  

Drug Metabolism & Resistance(tgid=21) ⓘ

BioAv↓, 1,   BioAv↑, 1,   ChemoSen↑, 1,   Dose↑, 1,   Dose↝, 2,   P450↑, 1,   Synergy↑, 3,  

Clinical Biomarkers(tgid=22) ⓘ

ALAT↓, 2,   AST↓, 2,   BMD↑, 1,   LDH↓, 1,   RAGE↓, 1,  

Functional Outcomes(tgid=23) ⓘ

AntiArt↑, 1,   AntiCan↑, 1,   cardioP↑, 2,   cognitive↑, 2,   hepatoP↑, 2,   memory↑, 2,   neuroP↑, 2,   Obesity↓, 1,   RenoP↑, 1,   toxicity∅, 1,   Wound Healing↑, 1,  
Total Targets: 60

Scientific Paper Hit Count for: hepatoP, L,hepatoprotective
3 Lycopene
Query results interpretion may depend on "conditions" listed in the research papers.
Such Conditions may include : 
  -low or high Dose
  -format for product, such as nano of lipid formations
  -different cell line effects
  -synergies with other products 
  -if effect was for normal or cancerous cells

Filter Conditions: Pro/AntiFlg:%  IllCat:%  CanType:%  Cells:%  prod#:119  Target#:1179  State#:%  Dir#:%
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