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| Lycopene is a naturally occurring carotenoid found predominantly in tomatoes and other red fruits and vegetables. Antioxidant Properties: -Lycopene is a powerful antioxidant. It helps neutralize free radicals, which can reduce oxidative stress—a factor implicated in cancer development. Possible concern about interfering with chemotherapy and radiation therapy. However this review disagrees. Inflammation Reduction: -Some studies suggest that lycopene may help lower levels of inflammation, another process linked to cancer progression At supraphysiological or extremely high concentrations, lycopene may have the potential to switch from an antioxidant to a prooxidant role -The prooxidant effect of lycopene has been observed under conditions of high oxygen tension. In vitro studies have suggested that in environments with elevated oxygen levels, lycopene might promote rather than neutralize the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). -The presence of metal ions (such as iron or copper) in the environment can catalyze reactions where antioxidants, including lycopene, contribute to oxidative processes. These metals can interact with lycopene, potentially leading to the formation of radicals. The mevalonate pathway produces cholesterol and a variety of isoprenoids, which are important for maintaining cell membrane integrity, protein prenylation, and other essential cellular functions. -One of the primary enzymes in this pathway is HMG-CoA reductase (3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase), which is the target of statin drugs used for lowering cholesterol. Some studies suggest that lycopene might downregulate the activity of HMG-CoA reductase or other enzymes in the mevalonate pathway. By doing so, lycopene could potentially reduce the synthesis of cholesterol and isoprenoids that are necessary for rapid cell proliferation—an especially relevant aspect in cancer cells. Lycopene typically used in a 100mg/day range for cancer (inhibition of the the Melavonate Pathway) -also has antiplatelet aggregation capability. -Note half-life 16–20 days. BioAv Heat processing, especially when combined with a small amount of fat, significantly enhances lycopene’s bioaccessibility and absorption. (20% under optimal conditions) Pathways: - ROS usually goes down, but may go up or down depending on dose and environment. Lycopene may also be modified to be a "oxdiative product" which may change the behaviour. - Raises AntiOxidant defense in Normal Cells: ROS↓, NRF2↑, SOD↑, GSH↑, Catalase↑, - lowers Inflammation : NF-kB↓, COX2↓, p38↓, Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines : NLRP3↓, IL-1β↓, TNF-α↓, IL-6↓, IL-8↓ - inhibit Growth/Metastases : EMT↓, MMPs↓, MMP9↓, IGF-1↓, uPA↓, VEGF↓, ROCK1↓, FAK↓, RhoA↓, NF-κB↓, ERK↓ - reactivate genes thereby inhibiting cancer cell growth : EZH2↓, P53↑, Sp proteins↓, - cause Cell cycle arrest : TumCCA↑, cyclin D1↓, cyclin E↓, CDK2↓, CDK4↓, - inhibits Migration/Invasion : TumCMig↓, TumCI↓, TNF-α↓, FAK↓, ERK↓, EMT↓, - inhibits angiogenesis↓ : VEGF↓, HIF-1α↓, Integrins↓, - Others: PI3K↓, AKT↓, JAK↓, STAT↓, Wnt↓, β-catenin↓, AMPK, ERK↓, JNK, - SREBP (related to cholesterol). - Synergies: chemo-sensitization, chemoProtective, RadioSensitizer, RadioProtective, Others(review target notes), Neuroprotective, Cognitive, Renoprotection, Hepatoprotective, CardioProtective, - Selectivity: Cancer Cells vs Normal Cells
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| Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-γ) is a type of nuclear receptor that plays a crucial role in regulating various biological processes, including glucose metabolism, lipid metabolism, and inflammation. It is primarily expressed in adipose tissue, but it is also found in other tissues, including the colon, breast, and prostate. PPAR-γ has been shown to have both tumor-suppressive and tumor-promoting effects, depending on the type of cancer and the context. In some cancers, activation of PPAR-γ can inhibit cell proliferation and induce apoptosis, while in others, it may promote tumor growth. PPARγ – Plays a central role in adipogenesis, lipid storage, and insulin sensitivity. – Widely expressed in adipose tissue, but also present in colon, breast, and immune cells. – In addition to metabolic functions, PPARγ regulates cell differentiation, apoptosis, and has anti-inflammatory effects. – Ligand binding (such as endogenous fatty acids or synthetic agonists like thiazolidinediones) alters transcriptional programs impacting cell cycle and survival. – In many cases, PPARγ is expressed in tumor cells, and its activation has been linked to induction of differentiation and growth arrest. – However, expression levels can differ based on tumor subtype, with some studies reporting elevated levels while others note reductions in aggressive tumors. – Crosstalk with other signaling pathways (e.g., Wnt/β-catenin, MAPK) can alter PPARγ's net effect in cancer cells. |
| 4780- | Lyco, | Potential inhibitory effect of lycopene on prostate cancer |
| - | Review, | Pca, | NA |
| 4791- | Lyco, | Investigating into anti-cancer potential of lycopene: Molecular targets |
| - | Review, | Var, | NA |
| 1708- | Lyco, | The Anti-Cancer Activity of Lycopene: A Systematic Review of Human and Animal Studies |
| - | Review, | Var, | NA |
| 3277- | Lyco, | Recent trends and advances in the epidemiology, synergism, and delivery system of lycopene as an anti-cancer agent |
| - | Review, | Var, | NA |
Query results interpretion may depend on "conditions" listed in the research papers. Such Conditions may include : -low or high Dose -format for product, such as nano of lipid formations -different cell line effects -synergies with other products -if effect was for normal or cancerous cells
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