Lycopene Cancer Research Results

Lyco, Lycopene: Click to Expand ⟱
Features:
Lycopene is a naturally occurring carotenoid found predominantly in tomatoes and other red fruits and vegetables.

Lycopene — a highly lipophilic, acyclic C40 carotenoid (tetraterpene) responsible for the red coloration of tomatoes, watermelon, pink grapefruit, guava, and related foods. It is a non-provitamin-A carotenoid and dietary bioactive rather than an approved anticancer drug. Standard abbreviations include Lyc and LYCO. Tomatoes and processed tomato products are the dominant dietary sources in many populations. Lycopene isomers and oxidative metabolites may differ biologically; circulating and tissue lycopene contains a substantially larger cis-isomer fraction than typical raw tomato sources.

Primary mechanisms (ranked):

  1. Redox modulation: strong singlet-oxygen quenching and antioxidant activity predominate physiologically, while some cancer models show context-dependent mitochondrial ROS generation and pro-oxidant apoptosis.
  2. IGF-1 / PI3K / AKT / mTOR growth signaling suppression, contributing to reduced proliferation and increased apoptosis in multiple experimental cancer models.
  3. Mevalonate / HMG-CoA reductase / Ras signaling suppression, reducing cholesterol synthesis, protein prenylation, Ras membrane localization, and downstream proliferative signaling.
  4. Cell-cycle inhibition through cyclin D1 and other cyclins/CDKs with increased p21/p27 and G0/G1 or other model-dependent arrest.
  5. Intrinsic apoptosis modulation through increased Bax:Bcl-2 ratio, mitochondrial dysfunction, cytochrome-c release, and caspase activation in responsive cancer models.
  6. Anti-inflammatory signaling through suppression of NF-κB, COX-2, IL-6, TNF-α and related inflammatory mediators.
  7. Migration, invasion and EMT suppression involving FAK, MMP2/MMP9, β-catenin, Rho-family signaling and epithelial-mesenchymal transition pathways.
  8. Anti-angiogenic signaling involving VEGF and HIF-1α suppression in selected experimental systems.
  9. NRF2-dependent antioxidant defense is important primarily in normal-cell protection and chemoprevention models; its direction in established cancer is context-dependent rather than uniformly beneficial.

Bioavailability / PK relevance: Oral absorption is formulation- and food-matrix-dependent. Lycopene is lipophilic and incorporation into mixed micelles is improved by dietary fat, disruption of the tomato matrix by processing, and some cis-rich formulations. Human isotope studies indicate substantial interindividual variability and postabsorptive trans-to-cis isomerization. Plasma/tissue persistence is relatively long compared with many phytochemicals, but reported half-life depends strongly on the kinetic model and whether endogenous/background lycopene is being measured.
- tangerine tomato juice has a marked 8.5-fold increase in lycopene bioavailability compared to red tomato juice
- taking with olive oil improves bioavailability. - Lycopene from fresh and unprocessed tomatoes is poorly absorbed by humans. Absorption of lycopene is higher from processed foods such as tomato paste and tomato juice heated in oil.
- cis-isomers of lycopene are more bioavailable than trans-lycopene probably because cis-isomers are more soluble in bile acid micelles.(tomato-based foods contain mainly all-trans-lycopene)
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In-vitro vs systemic exposure relevance: Many anticancer experiments use approximately 1–20 µM lycopene, with several mechanistic studies clustering near 2.5–10 µM. Human circulating concentrations after dietary or supplemental intake are generally much lower than the upper concentrations used experimentally; therefore mechanisms demonstrated at high micromolar concentrations should not automatically be assumed achievable in tumors after ordinary oral supplementation. Formulation, food matrix, tissue accumulation and lycopene metabolites further complicate direct concentration comparisons.

Clinical evidence status: RCT / small human / observational evidence, but not established anticancer treatment. Human studies are strongest for biomarker modulation and prostate-related research, while prospective epidemiology generally associates higher dietary or circulating lycopene with modestly lower cancer risk. Trials have not established lycopene as a replacement for standard cancer therapy. Lycopene is used as a food constituent and dietary supplement; FDA GRAS determinations for specified food uses are not anticancer drug approvals.


Antioxidant Properties:
-Lycopene is a powerful antioxidant. It helps neutralize free radicals, which can reduce oxidative stress—a factor implicated in cancer development. Possible concern about interfering with chemotherapy and radiation therapy. However this review disagrees.
Inflammation Reduction:
-Some studies suggest that lycopene may help lower levels of inflammation, another process linked to cancer progression

At supraphysiological or extremely high concentrations, lycopene may have the potential to switch from an antioxidant to a prooxidant role
-The prooxidant effect of lycopene has been observed under conditions of high oxygen tension. In vitro studies have suggested that in environments with elevated oxygen levels, lycopene might promote rather than neutralize the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS).
-The presence of metal ions (such as iron or copper) in the environment can catalyze reactions where antioxidants, including lycopene, contribute to oxidative processes. These metals can interact with lycopene, potentially leading to the formation of radicals.

The mevalonate pathway produces cholesterol and a variety of isoprenoids, which are important for maintaining cell membrane integrity, protein prenylation, and other essential cellular functions.
-One of the primary enzymes in this pathway is HMG-CoA reductase (3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase), which is the target of statin drugs used for lowering cholesterol. Some studies suggest that lycopene might downregulate the activity of HMG-CoA reductase or other enzymes in the mevalonate pathway. By doing so, lycopene could potentially reduce the synthesis of cholesterol and isoprenoids that are necessary for rapid cell proliferation—an especially relevant aspect in cancer cells.

Lycopene typically used in a 100mg/day range for cancer (inhibition of the the Melavonate Pathway)
-also has antiplatelet aggregation capability.

-Note half-life 16–20 days (other ref 5 days).
BioAv Heat processing, especially when combined with a small amount of fat, significantly enhances lycopene’s bioaccessibility and absorption. (20% under optimal conditions)
Pathways:
- ROS usually goes down, but may go up or down depending on dose and environment. Lycopene may also be modified to be a "oxdiative product" which may change the behaviour.
- Raises AntiOxidant defense in Normal Cells: ROS↓">ROS↓, NRF2↑, SOD↑, GSH↑, Catalase↑,
- lowers Inflammation : NF-kB↓, COX2↓, p38↓, Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines : NLRP3↓, IL-1β↓, TNF-α↓, IL-6↓, IL-8↓
- inhibit Growth/Metastases : EMT↓, MMPs↓, MMP9↓, IGF-1↓, uPA↓, VEGF↓, ROCK1↓, FAK↓, RhoA↓, NF-κB↓, ERK↓
- reactivate genes thereby inhibiting cancer cell growth : EZH2↓, P53↑, Sp proteins↓,
- cause Cell cycle arrest : TumCCA↑, cyclin D1↓, cyclin E↓, CDK2↓, CDK4↓,
- inhibits Migration/Invasion : TumCMig↓, TumCI↓, TNF-α↓, FAK↓, ERK↓, EMT↓,
- inhibits angiogenesis↓ : VEGF↓, HIF-1α↓, Integrins↓,
- Others: PI3K↓, AKT↓, JAK↓, STAT↓, Wnt↓, β-catenin↓, AMPK, ERK↓, JNK, - SREBP (related to cholesterol).
- Synergies: chemo-sensitization, chemoProtective, RadioSensitizer, RadioProtective, Others(review target notes), Neuroprotective, Cognitive, Renoprotection, Hepatoprotective, CardioProtective,

- Selectivity: Cancer Cells vs Normal Cells

Lycopene Mechanistic Ranking

Rank Pathway / Axis Cancer Cells Normal Cells TSF Primary Effect Notes / Interpretation
1 Redox and reactive oxygen species ROS ↓ or ↑ (context-dependent); mt-ROS ↑ in selected models ROS ↓; lipid peroxidation ↓ R–G Redox modulation Antioxidant behavior predominates physiologically, but pro-oxidant mitochondrial ROS-mediated apoptosis occurs in some cancer models. Direction depends on cell type, oxygen tension, dose and lycopene oxidation state.
2 IGF-1 / PI3K / AKT / mTOR IGF-1 signaling ↓; PI3K ↓; AKT ↓; mTOR ↓ ↔ or protective modulation (context-dependent) R–G Growth and survival signaling ↓ One of the most recurrent cancer-relevant signaling clusters; effects vary by tumor model.
3 Mevalonate / HMG-CoA reductase / Ras HMG-CoA reductase ↓; cholesterol synthesis ↓; membrane Ras ↓ LDL/cholesterol regulation ↓ (context-dependent) G Growth signaling and prenylation ↓ Mechanistically important but demonstrated mainly preclinically. Mevalonate can reverse lycopene-induced growth inhibition in experimental cancer cells.
4 Cell-cycle machinery Cyclin D1 ↓; cyclin E ↓; CDK2 ↓; CDK4 ↓; p21 ↑; p27 ↑; arrest ↑ ↔ (generally spared) G Proliferation ↓ Frequently reported downstream consequence of growth-factor, Ras and AKT pathway suppression.
5 Mitochondrial apoptosis Bax:Bcl-2 ↑; MMP ↓; Cyt-c ↑; caspase-9 ↑; caspase-3 ↑; apoptosis ↑ Mitochondrial damage ↓; apoptosis ↓ under oxidative injury R–G Selective death signaling Direction differs markedly by malignant versus stressed normal-cell context.
6 NF-κB inflammatory signaling NF-κB ↓; COX-2 ↓; IL-6 ↓; TNF-α ↓ NF-κB ↓; inflammatory cytokines ↓ R–G Inflammation ↓ Supported across cancer and non-cancer inflammatory models; likely partly secondary to redox and kinase modulation.
7 EMT / FAK / MMP invasion axis EMT ↓; FAK ↓; MMP2 ↓; MMP9 ↓; migration ↓; invasion ↓ ↔ (context-dependent) G Migration and invasion ↓ Relevant mainly to preclinical metastatic phenotypes rather than demonstrated clinical antimetastatic efficacy.
8 Wnt / β-catenin / STAT3 Wnt ↓; β-catenin ↓; JAK1 ↓; STAT3 ↓ ↔ (context-dependent) G Proliferative transcription ↓ Observed in several epithelial cancer models but not established as a universal primary target.
9 VEGF / HIF-1α angiogenesis VEGF ↓; HIF-1α ↓; angiogenesis ↓ ↔ or angiogenic signaling ↓ (context-dependent) G Angiogenesis ↓ Predominantly preclinical evidence.
10 NRF2 / antioxidant response NRF2 ↑ or ↓ (context-dependent) NRF2 ↑; HO-1 ↑; NQO1 ↑; SOD ↑; GSH defense ↑ R–G Stress defense ↑ NRF2 activation is well supported in protective normal-tissue models. In established cancer, NRF2 biology is dual-sided and should not be represented as uniformly anticancer.
11 DNA damage and genomic protection DNA damage ↑ or ↓ (model-dependent); p53 ↑ Oxidative DNA damage ↓ G Context-dependent genomic modulation Normal-cell chemoprevention and cancer-cell killing can produce opposite apparent directions.
12 Glycolysis and metabolic signaling Glycolysis ↓ (limited evidence); c-Myc ↓; G6PD ↓ ↔ G Metabolic growth support ↓ Evidence is substantially less developed than for AKT, cell cycle or redox pathways; should remain secondary.
13 Chemosensitization Sensitivity ↑ (drug- and model-dependent) Chemotoxicity may ↓ in protective models G Adjunct response modulation Preclinical sensitization has been reported, including androgen-axis therapies; simultaneous cytoprotection is also reported with some cytotoxic agents, so interaction cannot be generalized.
14 Radiosensitivity and radioprotection ↔ or sensitivity ↑ (model-dependent) Radioprotection ↑ in some models G Context-dependent radiation interaction Evidence supports both antioxidant radioprotection and experimental radiosensitization depending on system; clinical significance remains uncertain.
15 Clinical Translation Constraint Oral tumor exposure uncertain Generally well tolerated at nutritional and commonly studied supplemental exposure G Translation limited Low and variable oral bioavailability, food-matrix effects, nonlinear dose-exposure relationships, uncertain tumor concentrations, and limited adequately powered cancer RCTs constrain translation of high-concentration in-vitro mechanisms.

TSF: P: 0–30 min    R: 30 min–3 hr    G: >3 hr



Alzheimer’s disease relevance: Lycopene has meaningful preclinical AD relevance but no established clinical efficacy. Cell and animal models report reduced oxidative stress and neuroinflammation, improved mitochondrial function, suppression of BACE1 and amyloidogenic signaling, reduced Aβ burden, attenuation of tau hyperphosphorylation, and preservation of BDNF/synaptic signaling. Human evidence remains insufficient to classify lycopene as an AD treatment.

Translation status: Preclinical only for disease-modifying AD mechanisms. Computational, cellular, rodent and formulation studies support biological plausibility, but clinical supplementation studies have not demonstrated prevention or treatment of Alzheimer’s disease.

Lycopene in Alzheimer’s Disease Models

Rank Pathway / Axis Modulation Primary Effect Notes / Interpretation
1 Oxidative stress / NRF2 ROS ↓; NRF2 ↑; antioxidant defense ↑ Oxidative neuronal injury ↓ One of the most consistent effects in cellular and animal neurotoxicity models.
2 Amyloid / BACE1 BACE1 ↓; Aβ ↓ Amyloidogenic processing ↓ Supported experimentally; no demonstrated disease-modifying effect in humans.
3 Neuroinflammation / NF-κB NF-κB ↓; TNF-α ↓; IL-1β ↓; IL-6 ↓ Neuroinflammation ↓ Reported in several Aβ and inflammatory animal models.
4 Mitochondrial function mt-ROS ↓; MMP preserved; mitochondrial damage ↓ Bioenergetic integrity ↑ Consistent with antioxidant and anti-apoptotic neuronal effects.
5 Tau phosphorylation Hyperphosphorylated tau ↓ Tau pathology ↓ Demonstrated in transgenic mouse models; human relevance remains unproven.
6 BDNF / synaptic plasticity BDNF ↑; TrkB signaling ↑ Synaptic resilience ↑ Preclinical evidence suggests preservation of learning/memory pathways.
7 Neuronal apoptosis Bax:Bcl-2 ↓; Cyt-c ↓; caspase-3 ↓ Neuronal survival ↑ Predominantly secondary to redox, mitochondrial and inflammatory modulation.


Scientific Papers found: Click to Expand⟱
7153- AL,  Gins,  GI,  VitE,  Lyco  Anticoagulant activity of select dietary supplements
- Review, Nor, NA
*AntiAg↑, other?, other?, other?, other?,
287- ALA,  HCA,  Lyco,    Metabolic treatment of cancer: intermediate results of a prospective case series
PSA↓, OS↑,
1566- betaCar,  Lyco,    Antioxidant and pro-oxidant effects of lycopene in comparison with beta-carotene on oxidant-induced damage in Hs68 cells
- in-vitro, Nor, HS68
*ROS↑, *ROS⇅, *Dose↝,
3987- betaCar,  Lyco,    Carotenoid bioavailability is higher from salads ingested with full-fat than with fat-reduced salad dressings as measured with electrochemical detection
- Trial, AD, NA
*eff↑,
5559- betaCar,  Lyco,  Zeax,  Lut,    Low blood carotenoid status in dementia and mild cognitive impairment: A systematic review and meta-analysis
- Review, AD, NA
*antiOx↑, *cognitive↑, *Risk↓, *other↓,
4881- CUR,  SFN,  RES,  EGCG,  Lyco  An update of Nrf2 activators and inhibitors in cancer prevention/promotion
- Review, Var, NA
*NRF2↑, *antiOx↑,
7741- isoFl,  Lyco,  SIL,    Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study in men with prostate cancer and rising PSA: effectiveness of a dietary supplement
- Trial, Pca, NA
Dose↝, PSA↓,
4786- Lyco,    Anti-proliferative and apoptosis-inducing activity of lycopene against three subtypes of human breast cancer cell lines
- in-vitro, BC, MDA-MB-468 - in-vitro, BC, MCF7 - in-vitro, BC, SkBr3
TumCP↓, TumCCA↑, cl‑PARP↑, ERK↑, cycD1/CCND1↓, P21↓, p‑Akt↓, mTOR↓, BAX↑, AntiCan↑, Risk↓,
4797- Lyco,    A mechanistic updated overview on lycopene as potential anticancer agent
- Review, Var, NA
AntiCan↑, antiOx↓, Apoptosis↑, TumCP↓, TumCCA↑, Risk↓, ROS↓, SOD↑, Catalase↑, GSTs↑, ARE↑, NRF2↑, cycD1/CCND1↓, cycE/CCNE↑, CDK2↑, p27/CDKN1B↑, BAX↑, Bcl-2↓, P53↑, ChemoSen↑,
4796- Lyco,    The Anti-proliferation Effects of Lycopene on Breast Cancer Cells
- in-vitro, BC, MCF7 - in-vitro, Nor, MCF10
TumCG↓, selectivity↑, *BioAv↑, *antiOx↑, *ROS↓, Risk↓, *cardioP↑,
4795- Lyco,    Updates on the Anticancer Profile of Lycopene and its Probable Mechanism against Breast and Gynecological Cancer
- Review, BC, NA
TumCG↓, TumCCA↑, Apoptosis↑, P53↝, BAX↝, cycD1/CCND1↓, ERK↓, Akt↓, STAT3↓, NRF2↝, NF-kB↓, ITGB1↓, ITGA5↓, FAK↓, MMP9↓, EMT↓,
4794- Lyco,    Anticancer Effect of Lycopene in Gastric Carcinogenesis
- Review, GC, NA
*AntiCan↑, *ROS↓, *GSH↑, *GPx↑, *GSTs↑, TumCG↓, Apoptosis↑, ERK↓, Bcl-2↓, BAX↑, Cyt‑c↑, TumCCA↑, *DNAdam↓,
4793- Lyco,    Lycopene treatment inhibits activation of Jak1/Stat3 and Wnt/β-catenin signaling and attenuates hyperproliferation in gastric epithelial cells
- in-vitro, GC, AGS
antiOx↑, AntiCan↑, ROS↓, JAK1↓, STAT3↓, Wnt↓, β-catenin/ZEB1↓, cMyc↓, cycE/CCNE↓, TumCP↓, Risk↓,
4792- Lyco,    A Comprehensive Review on the Molecular Mechanism of Lycopene in Cancer Therapy
- Review, Var, NA
*AntiCan↑, *antiOx↑, Inflam↓, Wnt↓, β-catenin/ZEB1↓, *ROS↓, BioAv↑, ROS↓, Risk↓, PGE2↓, COX2/PTGS2↓, p‑ERK↓, P21↑, MMP7↓, MMP9↓, ChemoSen↑, eff↑,
4791- Lyco,    Investigating into anti-cancer potential of lycopene: Molecular targets
- Review, Var, NA
*antiOx↑, TumCP↓, TumCCA↓, Apoptosis↑, TumCI↓, angioG↓, TumMeta↓, *Risk↓, cycD1/CCND1↓, CycD3↓, cycE/CCNE↓, CDK2↓, CDK4↓, Bcl-2↓, P21↑, p27/CDKN1B↑, P53↑, BAX↑, selectivity↑, MMP↓, Cyt‑c↑, Wnt↓, eff↑, PPARγ↑, LDL↓, Akt↓, PI3K↓, mTOR↓, PDGF↓, NF-kB↓, eff↑,
4790- Lyco,    Role of Lycopene in the Control of ROS-Mediated Cell Growth: Implications in Cancer Prevention
- Review, Var, NA
*antiOx↑, *ROS⇅, TumCP↓, AP-1↓, eff↓,
4789- Lyco,    Inhibitory Effect of Lycopene on Amyloid-β-Induced Apoptosis in Neuronal Cells
- in-vitro, AD, SH-SY5Y
*antiOx↑, *ROS↓, *NF-kB↓, *neuroP↑, *MMP↓, *mtDam↓, *OCR↓,
4788- Lyco,    Lycopene as a potential anticancer agent: Current evidence on synergism, drug delivery systems and epidemiology (Review)
- Review, Var, NA
AntiCan↑, ChemoSen↑, chemoP↑, Dose↝, BioAv↑, BioAv↑, BioAv↓, cardioP↑, AntiDiabetic↑, hepatoP↑, neuroP↑, MAPK↓, MMP2↓, MMP9↓, TIMP1↑, TIMP2↑,
4801- Lyco,    Lycopene in the Prevention of Cardiovascular Diseases
- Review, CardioV, NA
*BioAv↝, *cardioP↑, *BioAv↑, *BioAv↑, *antiOx↑, *ROS↓, *ARE↑, *SOD↑, *Catalase↑, *GPx↑, *lipid-P↓, *COX2/PTGS2↓, *Inflam↓, *IL1β↓, *IL6↓, *IL8↑, *TNF-α↓, *NF-kB↓, *BP↓,
4785- Lyco,    The Protective Anticancer Effect of Natural Lycopene Supercritical CO2 Watermelon Extracts in Adenocarcinoma Lung Cancer Cells
- in-vitro, Lung, A549
ROS↑, NF-kB↑, Apoptosis↑,
4784- Lyco,    Protective effects of lycopene in cancer, cardiovascular, and neurodegenerative diseases: An update on epidemiological and mechanistic perspectives
- Review, Diabetic, NA - Review, CardioV, NA
*antiOx↑, *IL8↓, *IL6↓, *IL1↓, *NF-kB↓, Inflam↓, cycD1/CCND1↓, MMP2↓, MMP9↓, Bcl-2↓, NF-kB↓, *Nrf1↑, *antiOx↑, *BDNF↑, *neuroP↑, *cardioP↑, ROS↑, Dose↝,
4783- Lyco,    Lycopene suppresses gastric cancer cell growth without affecting normal gastric epithelial cells
- in-vitro, GC, AGS - in-vitro, GC, SGC-7901 - in-vitro, Nor, GES-1
TumCG↓, TumCCA↑, Apoptosis↑, MMP↓, selectivity↑, cycE1↓, TP53↑, *antiOx↑,
4782- Lyco,    New Insights into Molecular Mechanism behind Anti-Cancer Activities of Lycopene
- Review, Var, NA
AntiCan↑, TumCP↓, TumCMig↓, TumCI↓, TumCA↓, ROS↓, MMP2↓, MMP7↓, MMP9↓, VEGF↓, E-cadherin↑, TIMP1↑, TIMP2↑, BioAv↝, *IL12↓, *TNF-α↓, *IL1↓, *IL1β↓, *IL6↓, COX2/PTGS2↓, iNOS↓, *radioP↑, NF-kB↓, survivin↓, Casp3↑, Bax:Bcl2↑,
4781- Lyco,  5-FU,  Chemo,  Cisplatin,    Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of lycopene against 5-fluorouracil-induced cytotoxicity in Caco2 cells
- in-vitro, Colon, Caco-2
chemoP↑, Inflam↓, COX2/PTGS2↓, IL1β↓, IL6↓, TNF-α↓, ROS↑, ChemoSen↑, SOD↓,
4780- Lyco,    Potential inhibitory effect of lycopene on prostate cancer
- Review, Pca, NA
TumCP↓, TumCCA↑, Apoptosis↑, *neuroP↑, *NF-kB↓, *JNK↓, *NRF2↑, *BDNF↑, *Ca+2↝, *antiOx↑, *AntiCan↑, *Inflam↓, *IL1↓, *IL6↓, *IL8↓, *TNF-α↓, NF-kB↓, DNAdam↓, PSA↓, P53↓, cycD1/CCND1↓, NRF2↓, Akt2↓, PPARγ↓,
4779- Lyco,    Lycopene Inhibits Reactive Oxygen Species-Mediated NF-κB Signaling and Induces Apoptosis in Pancreatic Cancer Cells
- in-vitro, PC, PANC1
ROS↓, NF-kB↓, tumCV↓, Casp3↑, Apoptosis↑, OCR↓, MMP↓, CIP2A↓, survivin↓, Casp3↑, Bax:Bcl2↑,
4778- Lyco,    Lycopene exerts cytotoxic effects by mitochondrial reactive oxygen species–induced apoptosis in glioblastoma multiforme
- in-vitro, GBM, GBM8401
BBB↑, Apoptosis↑, TumCP↑, P53↑, CycB/CCNB1↓, cycD1/CCND1↓, TumCCA↓, mt-ROS↑, TumCG↓,
4777- Lyco,    Lycopene Inhibits Activation of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor and Expression of Cyclooxygenase-2 in Gastric Cancer Cells
- in-vitro, GC, AGS
*antiOx↑, tumCV↓, DNAdam↑, Apoptosis↑, cl‑Casp3↑, cl‑Casp9↑, Bax:Bcl2↑, ROS↓, NF-kB↓, COX2/PTGS2↓, EGFR↓, p38↓,
4230- Lyco,    Supplementation of lycopene attenuates oxidative stress induced neuroinflammation and cognitive impairment via Nrf2/NF-κB transcriptional pathway
- in-vivo, AD, NA
*BDNF↑, *antiOx↑, *Inflam↓, *HO-1↑, *NQO1↑, *IL1β↓, *TNF-α↓, *ROS↓, *NRF2↑, *cognitive↑, *BBB↑,
8412- Lyco,    Brain-targeted lycopene-loaded microemulsion modulates neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, apoptosis and synaptic plasticity in β-amyloid-induced Alzheimer's disease mice
- in-vivo, AD, NA
*MDA↓, *antiOx↑, *eff↑,
8423- Lyco,  Rad,    Tomato Juice Consumption Could Improve Breast Skin Adverse Effects of Radiotherapy in Breast Cancer Patients
- Trial, BC, NA
Dose↝, radioP↑, 8-oxo-dG↓,
8422- Lyco,  Rad,    Dietary and Serum Lycopene Levels in Prostate Cancer Patients Undergoing Intensity-Modulated Radiation Therapy
- Trial, Pca, NA
Weight↑, other?, Dose↝, Dose↝, *Half-Life↝, radioP?,
8421- Lyco,    Lycopene: Sojourn from kitchen to an effective therapy in Alzheimer's disease
- Review, AD, NA
*neuroP↑, *antiOx↑, *Inflam↓, *AntiMyl↑, *ROS↓, *MMP↑, *NGF↑, *BDNF↑, *VEGF↑, *Aβ42↓, *PI3K↑, *Akt↑, *NRF2↑, *lipid-P↓, *GSH↑, *Catalase↑, *SOD↑, *cognitive↑, *Learn↑, *memory↑, *APP↓, *BACE/β-secretase↓, *ADAM10↑, *NF-kB↓, *AChE↓, *MAOA↓, *BioAv↝,
8420- Lyco,    Anticancer activity of lycopene in HT-29 colon cancer cell line
- in-vitro, CRC, HT-29
Risk↓, Dose↝, TumCP↓, Casp3↑, BAX↑, cl‑PARP↑, 8-oxo-dG↑, γH2AX↑, Cyt‑c↑,
8419- Lyco,    Brain-targeted lycopene-loaded microemulsion modulates neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, apoptosis and synaptic plasticity in β-amyloid-induced Alzheimer’s disease mice
- in-vivo, AD, NA
*neuroP↑, *Aβ↓, *MDA↓, *Ast↓, *MGlio↓, *antiOx↑,
8418- Lyco,  docx,    A phase I study of docetaxel plus synthetic lycopene in metastatic prostate cancer patients
- Trial, Pca, NA
Dose↝, BioEnh↑, angioG↓, IGF-1↓, ChemoSen↑, BioAv↑, CEC↝,
8417- Lyco,    Lycopene alleviates age-related cognitive deficit via activating liver-brain fibroblast growth factor-21 signalling
- in-vivo, AD, NA
*cognitive↑, *FGF21↑, *ATP↑,
8416- Lyco,    Lycopene alleviates cognitive dysfunctions in an Alzheimer's disease rat model via suppressing the oxidative and neuroinflammatory signaling
- in-vivo, AD, NA
*Inflam↓, *ROS↓, *Dose↝, *Aβ42↓, *IL1β↓, *TNF-α↓, *MDA↓, *Ach↑, *MAOA↓, *LDH↓, *AChE↓, *NRF2↑, *5HT↑, *TGF-β1↑, *IL10↑, *Ki-67↓, *PCNA↓,
8415- Lyco,  CUR,    Combination of Lycopene and Curcumin Synergistically Alleviates Testosterone-Propionate-Induced Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia in Sprague Dawley Rats via Modulating Inflammation and Proliferation
- in-vivo, BPH, NA
*Dose↝, *eff↑, *Ki-67↓, *testos↓, *DHT↓, *PSA↓, *IL1β↓, *IL6↓, *AKT1↓, *TNF-α↓, *EGFR↓, *STAT3↓, *COX2/PTGS2↓,
8414- Lyco,    Exploring the Therapeutic Potential of Lycopene: Mechanisms, Biological Activities, and Health Benefits
- Review, Var, NA - Review, AD, NA
*ROS↓, *Inflam↓, *hepatoP↑, *cardioP↑, *neuroP↑, *AntiArt↑, *Obesity↓, *Wound Healing↑, *BioAv↑, *GSTs↑, *Trx1↑, *SOD↑, *Catalase↑, *ALAT↓, *LDH↓, *AST↓, *MDA↓, *cognitive↑, *memory↑, *NeuroI↓, *Aβ↓, *LRP1↑, *RAGE↓, *NRF2↑, *HO-1↑, tumCV?, Bax:Bcl2↑, DNAdam↑, Apoptosis↑, β-catenin/ZEB1↓, cMyc↓, cycD1/CCND1↓, ROS↓, TumCCA↑, Akt↓, *eff↑, *MDA↓, *NF-kB↓, *TGF-β↓, *Casp3↓, *Catalase↑, *GSH↑, *Bcl-2↑, *IL10↑, *MUC1↑, *IBI↑, *RenoP↑, *ChemoSen↑, *eff↑, *eff↑, *BMD↑,
8413- Lyco,  VitE,    Dietary Lycopene Supplementation Improves Cognitive Performances in Tau Transgenic Mice Expressing P301L Mutation via Inhibiting Oxidative Stress and Tau Hyperphosphorylation
- in-vivo, AD, NA
*memory↑, *MDA↓, *GPx↑, *tau↓, *eff↑,
4798- Lyco,    Enhancing Anticancer Treatment Efficacy With Lycopene: A Comprehensive Review of Clinical and Preclinical Evidence
- Review, Var, NA
AntiCan↑, ChemoSen↑, eff↑, eff↑,
8411- Lyco,    Lycopene destabilizes preformed Aβ fibrils: Mechanistic insights from all-atom molecular dynamics simulation
- Study, AD, NA
*antiOx↑, *BBB↑, *Aβ↓,
8410- Lyco,    Dietary intake of tomato and lycopene, blood levels of lycopene, and risk of total and specific cancers in adults: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies
- Review, Var, NA
Risk↓, Dose↝, Risk↓, OS↑,
8409- Lyco,    Phase II randomized clinical trial of lycopene supplementation before radical prostatectomy
- Trial, Pca, NA
Risk↓, PSA↓, TumCG↓,
8408- Lyco,    Enhanced bioavailability of lycopene when consumed as cis-isomers from tangerine compared to red tomato juice, a randomized, cross-over clinical trial
- Trial, Nor, NA
*BioAv↑, *Dose↝,
8407- Lyco,    Lycopene induces cell growth inhibition by altering mevalonate pathway and Ras signaling in cancer cell lines
- in-vitro, Pca, LNCaP
CholSyn↓, HMGCR↓, RAS↓, NF-kB↓, ROS↓, p‑Jun↓, TumCCA↑, Apoptosis↑, cycD1/CCND1↓, p‑Akt↓, P21↑, p27/CDKN1B↑, P53↑, Bax:Bcl2↑,
7742- Lyco,  isoFl,    Lycopene and soy isoflavones in the treatment of prostate cancer
- Trial, Pca, NA
Risk↓, PSA↓, Dose↝, eff↝,
4803- Lyco,    Enhanced cytotoxic and apoptosis inducing activity of lycopene oxidation products in different cancer cell lines
- in-vitro, Pca, PC3 - in-vitro, BC, MCF7 - in-vitro, Melanoma, A431 - in-vitro, Liver, HepG2 - in-vitro, Cerv, HeLa - in-vitro, Lung, A549
tumCV↓, GSH↓, MDA↑, ROS↑, Apoptosis↑,
4802- Lyco,    Dietary intake of tomato and lycopene, blood levels of lycopene, and risk of total and specific cancers in adults: a systematic review and dose–response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies
- Review, Var, NA
Risk↓,

Showing Research Papers: 1 to 50 of 102
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* indicates research on normal cells as opposed to diseased cells
Total Research Paper Matches: 102

Pathway results for Effect on Cancer / Diseased Cells:


NA, unassigned(tgid=0) ⓘ

8-oxo-dG↓, 1,   8-oxo-dG↑, 1,  

Redox & Oxidative Stress(tgid=1) ⓘ

antiOx↓, 2,   antiOx↑, 8,   ARE↑, 1,   Catalase↑, 3,   GPx↑, 4,   GSH↓, 1,   GSH↑, 3,   GSR↑, 1,   GSTA1↑, 1,   GSTs↑, 1,   HO-1↑, 1,   Keap1↝, 1,   lipid-P↓, 2,   MDA↓, 1,   MDA↑, 1,   MPO↓, 1,   NOX4↓, 1,   NRF2↓, 1,   NRF2↑, 3,   NRF2↝, 2,   ROS↓, 15,   ROS↑, 13,   ROS⇅, 3,   i-ROS↓, 1,   mt-ROS↑, 1,   SOD↓, 1,   SOD↑, 3,  

Mitochondria & Bioenergetics(tgid=3) ⓘ

MMP↓, 3,   mtDam↑, 1,   OCR↓, 1,  

Core Metabolism/Glycolysis(tgid=4) ⓘ

CholSyn↓, 1,   cMyc↓, 4,   G6PD↓, 1,   Glycolysis↓, 1,   LDL↓, 2,   PPARγ↓, 1,   PPARγ↑, 3,   SIRT1↑, 1,  

Cell Death(tgid=5) ⓘ

Akt↓, 6,   Akt↝, 1,   p‑Akt↓, 3,   Apoptosis↑, 16,   BAX↓, 1,   BAX↑, 7,   BAX↝, 1,   Bax:Bcl2↑, 6,   Bcl-2↓, 5,   Bcl-2↑, 1,   Casp3↑, 7,   cl‑Casp3↑, 1,   Casp7↑, 1,   Casp9↑, 1,   cl‑Casp9↑, 1,   Chk2↓, 1,   Cyt‑c↑, 3,   iNOS↓, 2,   JNK↓, 1,   MAPK↓, 3,   p27/CDKN1B↓, 1,   p27/CDKN1B↑, 4,   p38↓, 1,   survivin↓, 2,   β-TRCP↑, 1,  

Kinase & Signal Transduction(tgid=6) ⓘ

Sp1/3/4↓, 1,  

Transcription & Epigenetics(tgid=7) ⓘ

EZH2↓, 1,   other?, 5,   tumCV?, 1,   tumCV↓, 3,  

DNA Damage & Repair(tgid=10) ⓘ

CHK1↓, 1,   DNAdam↓, 2,   DNAdam↑, 4,   P53↓, 2,   P53↑, 6,   P53↝, 1,   cl‑PARP↑, 3,   PCNA↓, 3,   TP53↑, 1,   γH2AX↓, 1,   γH2AX↑, 1,  

Cell Cycle & Senescence(tgid=11) ⓘ

CDK2↓, 4,   CDK2↑, 1,   CDK4↓, 4,   CycB/CCNB1↓, 1,   cycD1/CCND1↓, 13,   CycD3↓, 1,   cycE/CCNE↓, 4,   cycE/CCNE↑, 1,   cycE1↓, 1,   P21↓, 1,   P21↑, 7,   TumCCA↓, 2,   TumCCA↑, 11,  

Proliferation, Differentiation & Cell State(tgid=12) ⓘ

CIP2A↓, 1,   EMT↓, 3,   ERK↓, 3,   ERK↑, 1,   p‑ERK↓, 1,   FOXO3↓, 1,   GSK‐3β↓, 1,   p‑GSK‐3β↓, 1,   HMGCR↓, 1,   IGF-1↓, 2,   IGF-1R↓, 1,   p‑Jun↓, 1,   mTOR↓, 4,   mTOR↝, 1,   p‑mTOR↓, 1,   PI3K↓, 2,   PI3K↝, 1,   p‑PI3K↓, 1,   RAS↓, 1,   STAT3↓, 5,   TumCG↓, 7,   Wnt↓, 4,  

Migration(tgid=13) ⓘ

Akt2↓, 1,   AP-1↓, 1,   APC↑, 1,   E-cadherin↓, 1,   E-cadherin↑, 1,   FAK↓, 2,   ITGA5↓, 2,   ITGB1↓, 2,   Ki-67↓, 1,   MMP2↓, 4,   MMP7↓, 3,   MMP9↓, 10,   MMPs↓, 1,   N-cadherin↓, 1,   PDGF↓, 1,   Rho↓, 1,   TIMP1↑, 2,   TIMP2↑, 2,   TumCA↓, 1,   TumCI↓, 5,   TumCMig↓, 3,   TumCP↓, 11,   TumCP↑, 1,   TumMeta↓, 1,   TumMeta↑, 1,   β-catenin/ZEB1↓, 5,  

Angiogenesis & Vasculature(tgid=14) ⓘ

angioG↓, 3,   EGFR↓, 1,   Hif1a↓, 2,   NO↓, 1,   VEGF↓, 2,  

Barriers & Transport(tgid=15) ⓘ

BBB↑, 1,  

Immune & Inflammatory Signaling(tgid=16) ⓘ

COX2/PTGS2↓, 7,   IFN-γ↑, 1,   IL1↑, 2,   IL10↓, 2,   IL10↑, 1,   IL12↓, 1,   IL1β↓, 3,   IL2↑, 1,   IL4↓, 1,   IL4↑, 2,   IL6↓, 4,   Inflam↓, 4,   JAK1↓, 2,   NF-kB↓, 13,   NF-kB↑, 1,   NF-kB↝, 1,   p65↓, 1,   PGE2↓, 6,   PSA↓, 6,   PSA∅, 1,   TNF-α↓, 5,   TNF-α↑, 1,  

Cellular Microenvironment(tgid=17) ⓘ

NOX↓, 1,  

Hormonal & Nuclear Receptors(tgid=20) ⓘ

GR↑, 1,  

Drug Metabolism & Resistance(tgid=21) ⓘ

BioAv↓, 3,   BioAv↑, 5,   BioAv↝, 1,   BioEnh↑, 1,   ChemoSen↓, 1,   ChemoSen↑, 10,   Dose↓, 1,   Dose↑, 2,   Dose↝, 11,   eff?, 1,   eff↓, 2,   eff↑, 11,   eff↝, 1,   P450↓, 1,   RadioS↓, 1,   selectivity↑, 4,  

Clinical Biomarkers(tgid=22) ⓘ

BP↓, 1,   CA125↓, 1,   CEC↝, 1,   EGFR↓, 1,   EZH2↓, 1,   IL6↓, 4,   Ki-67↓, 1,   PSA↓, 6,   PSA∅, 1,   TP53↑, 1,  

Functional Outcomes(tgid=23) ⓘ

AntiCan↑, 8,   AntiDiabetic↑, 1,   cardioP↑, 4,   chemoP↑, 3,   hepatoP↑, 1,   neuroP↑, 2,   OS↑, 3,   QoL↑, 1,   radioP?, 1,   radioP↑, 1,   RenoP↑, 1,   Risk↓, 12,   TumVol↓, 1,   TumW↓, 1,   Weight↑, 1,  
Total Targets: 213

Pathway results for Effect on Normal Cells:


NA, unassigned(tgid=0) ⓘ

Ast↓, 1,   Aβ42↓, 2,   Learn↑, 1,   MGlio↓, 1,   NeuroI↓, 1,  

Redox & Oxidative Stress(tgid=1) ⓘ

antiOx↑, 34,   ARE↑, 1,   Catalase↑, 7,   Catalase↝, 1,   GPx↑, 6,   GPx↝, 1,   GSH↑, 7,   GSH/GSSG↓, 1,   GSR↑, 1,   GSTs↓, 1,   GSTs↑, 3,   H2O2↓, 1,   HO-1↑, 6,   Keap1↓, 1,   lipid-P↓, 5,   MDA↓, 10,   MPO↓, 1,   NOX4↓, 2,   NQO1↑, 3,   Nrf1↑, 1,   NRF2↓, 1,   NRF2↑, 13,   ROS↓, 22,   ROS↑, 1,   ROS⇅, 4,   SOD↑, 8,   SOD↝, 1,   TAC↑, 2,   Trx1↑, 1,   VitC↑, 1,   VitE↑, 1,  

Mitochondria & Bioenergetics(tgid=3) ⓘ

ATP↑, 1,   MMP↓, 1,   MMP↑, 2,   mtDam↓, 3,   OCR↓, 1,  

Core Metabolism/Glycolysis(tgid=4) ⓘ

ACC↓, 1,   AKT1↓, 1,   ALAT↓, 2,   AMPK↑, 1,   CRM↑, 1,   FASN↓, 1,   FGF21↑, 1,   LDH↓, 2,   LDL↓, 2,   SIRT1↑, 1,   SREBP1/SREBF1↓, 1,  

Cell Death(tgid=5) ⓘ

Akt↓, 2,   Akt↑, 3,   APAF1↓, 1,   Apoptosis↓, 4,   BAX↓, 2,   Bcl-2↑, 3,   Casp3↓, 2,   cl‑Casp3↓, 1,   Casp9↓, 1,   cl‑Casp9↓, 1,   Cyt‑c↓, 1,   iNOS↓, 2,   JNK↓, 2,   MAPK↓, 2,   p38↓, 2,   Pyro↓, 1,  

Transcription & Epigenetics(tgid=7) ⓘ

Ach↑, 1,   other↓, 1,  

Protein Folding & ER Stress(tgid=8) ⓘ

ER Stress↓, 1,  

Autophagy & Lysosomes(tgid=9) ⓘ

p62↑, 1,  

DNA Damage & Repair(tgid=10) ⓘ

DNAdam↓, 2,   PCNA↓, 1,  

Proliferation, Differentiation & Cell State(tgid=12) ⓘ

ERK↓, 1,   mTOR↓, 1,   PI3K↑, 3,   STAT3↓, 2,  

Migration(tgid=13) ⓘ

AntiAg↑, 4,   APP↓, 1,   Ca+2↓, 1,   Ca+2↝, 1,   Ki-67↓, 3,   LRP1↑, 1,   MMP2↓, 1,   MMP2↑, 1,   MMPs↓, 1,   MUC1↑, 1,   Rac1↑, 1,   RAGE↓, 2,   ROCK1↓, 1,   TGF-β↓, 1,   TGF-β1↑, 2,   TIMP2↑, 1,   uPA↓, 1,   VCAM-1↓, 1,  

Angiogenesis & Vasculature(tgid=14) ⓘ

angioG↓, 1,   EGFR↓, 1,   NO↓, 3,   VEGF↓, 1,   VEGF↑, 1,  

Barriers & Transport(tgid=15) ⓘ

BBB↑, 3,   IBI↑, 1,  

Immune & Inflammatory Signaling(tgid=16) ⓘ

COX2/PTGS2↓, 7,   ICAM-1↓, 2,   IFN-γ↓, 1,   IL1↓, 4,   IL10↓, 1,   IL10↑, 3,   IL12↓, 1,   IL1β↓, 7,   IL22↓, 1,   IL6↓, 9,   IL8↓, 3,   IL8↑, 1,   Inflam↓, 16,   NF-kB↓, 12,   p65↓, 1,   PSA↓, 1,   TLR2↓, 1,   TLR4↓, 1,   TNF-α↓, 12,  

Synaptic & Neurotransmission(tgid=18) ⓘ

5HT↑, 1,   AChE↓, 2,   ADAM10↑, 1,   BDNF↑, 7,   MAOA↓, 2,   NGF↑, 1,   PSD95↑, 1,   tau↓, 2,   TrkB↑, 1,  

Protein Aggregation(tgid=19) ⓘ

Aβ↓, 4,   BACE/β-secretase↓, 2,   NLRP3↓, 1,  

Hormonal & Nuclear Receptors(tgid=20) ⓘ

DHT↓, 1,   GR↝, 1,   testos↓, 1,  

Drug Metabolism & Resistance(tgid=21) ⓘ

BioAv↓, 4,   BioAv↑, 8,   BioAv↝, 5,   ChemoSen↑, 1,   Dose↑, 1,   Dose↝, 7,   eff↑, 12,   Half-Life↑, 2,   Half-Life↝, 1,   P450↑, 1,  

Clinical Biomarkers(tgid=22) ⓘ

ALAT↓, 2,   AST↓, 2,   BMD↑, 1,   BP↓, 2,   creat↓, 1,   EGFR↓, 1,   GutMicro↑, 1,   IL6↓, 9,   Ki-67↓, 3,   LDH↓, 2,   PSA↓, 1,   RAGE↓, 2,  

Functional Outcomes(tgid=23) ⓘ

AntiArt↑, 1,   AntiCan↑, 5,   AntiMyl↑, 1,   cardioP↑, 9,   chemoP↑, 1,   cognitive↑, 8,   hepatoP↑, 2,   memory↑, 7,   neuroP↑, 13,   Obesity↓, 1,   radioP↑, 2,   RenoP↑, 4,   Risk↓, 3,   toxicity∅, 2,   Wound Healing↑, 1,  
Total Targets: 174

Query results interpretion may depend on "conditions" listed in the research papers.
Such Conditions may include : 
  -low or high Dose
  -format for product, such as nano of lipid formations
  -different cell line effects
  -synergies with other products 
  -if effect was for normal or cancerous cells

Filter Conditions: Pro/AntiFlg:%  IllCat:%  CanType:%  Cells:%  prod#:119  Target#:%  State#:%  Dir#:%
  wNotes=0  sortOrder:rid,rpid

 

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