| Features: |
| The (R)-enantiomer of alkannin is known as shikonin, and the racemic mixture of the two is known as shikalkin. Shikonin is a naphthoquinone derivative primarily isolated from the roots of plants in the Boraginaceae family (e.g., Lithospermum erythrorhizon). Shikonin is the main active component of a Chinese medicinal plant 'Zi Cao' -Shikonin is a major component of zicao (purple gromwell, the dried root of Lithospermum erythrorhizon), a Chinese herbal medicine with anti-inflammatory properties -Quinone methides (QMs) are highly reactive intermediates formed from natural compounds like shikonin -ic50 cancer cells 1-10uM, normal cells >10uM -known as Glycolysis inhibitor: ( inhibit pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2*******), a key enzyme in the glycolytic pathway) Available from mcsformulas.com Shikonin Pro Liposomal, 30 mg Also In Glycolysis Inhibithree(100 mg PHLORIZIN,10 mg TANSHINONE IIA, 8 mg Shikonin) -Note half-life15-30mins or 8hr?. BioAv low, poor water solubility Pathways: - usually induce ROS production in cancer cells, and reduce ROS in normal cells. - ROS↑ related: MMP↓(ΔΨm), ER Stress↑, GRP78↑, Ca+2↑, Cyt‑c↑, Caspases↑, DNA damage↑, cl-PARP↑, HSP↓, - Lowers AntiOxidant defense in Cancer Cells: NRF2↓, TrxR↓**, SOD↓, GSH↓ Catalase↓ GPx4↓ - Raises AntiOxidant defense in Normal Cells: ROS↓, NRF2↑, SOD↑, GSH↑, Catalase↑, - lowers Inflammation : NF-kB↓, COX2↓, p38↓, Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines : NLRP3↓, IL-1β↓, TNF-α↓, IL-6↓, IL-8↓ - inhibit Growth/Metastases : TumMeta↓, TumCG↓, EMT↓, MMPs↓, MMP2↓, MMP9↓, IGF-1↓, uPA↓, VEGF↓, FAK↓, NF-κB↓, TGF-β↓, ERK↓ - cause Cell cycle arrest : TumCCA↑, cyclin D1↓, cyclin E↓, CDK2↓, CDK4↓, - inhibits Migration/Invasion : TumCMig↓, TumCI↓, FAK↓, ERK↓, EMT↓, - inhibits glycolysis /Warburg Effect and ATP depletion : HIF-1α↓, PKM2↓, cMyc↓, GLUT1↓, LDH↓, LDHA↓, HK2↓, PFKs↓, PDKs↓, ECAR↓, OXPHOS↓, GRP78↑, GlucoseCon↓ - inhibits angiogenesis↓ : VEGF↓, HIF-1α↓, EGFR↓, Integrins↓, - Others: PI3K↓, AKT↓, JAK↓, STAT↓, β-catenin↓, AMPK, ERK↓, JNK, P53↑, - Synergies: chemo-sensitization, chemoProtective, RadioSensitizer, Others(review target notes), Neuroprotective, Cognitive, Renoprotection, Hepatoprotective, CardioProtective, - Selectivity: Cancer Cells vs Normal Cells |
| 2229- | SK, | Shikonin induces apoptosis and prosurvival autophagy in human melanoma A375 cells via ROS-mediated ER stress and p38 pathways |
| - | in-vitro, | Melanoma, | A375 |
| 2360- | SK, | Shikonin inhibits growth, invasion and glycolysis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells through inactivating the phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase/AKT signal pathway |
| - | in-vitro, | NPC, | HONE1 | - | in-vitro, | NPC, | SUNE-1 |
| 2359- | SK, | Regulating lactate-related immunometabolism and EMT reversal for colorectal cancer liver metastases using shikonin targeted delivery |
| - | in-vivo, | Liver, | NA |
| 2358- | SK, | SIRT1 improves lactate homeostasis in the brain to alleviate parkinsonism via deacetylation and inhibition of PKM2 |
| - | in-vivo, | Park, | NA |
| 2357- | SK, | GTPBP4 promotes hepatocellular carcinoma progression and metastasis via the PKM2 dependent glucose metabolism |
| - | Study, | HCC, | NA | - | in-vivo, | NA, | NA |
| 2356- | SK, | ESM1 enhances fatty acid synthesis and vascular mimicry in ovarian cancer by utilizing the PKM2-dependent warburg effect within the hypoxic tumor microenvironment |
| - | in-vitro, | Ovarian, | CaOV3 | - | in-vitro, | Ovarian, | OV90 | - | in-vivo, | NA, | NA |
| 2355- | SK, | Pharmacological properties and derivatives of shikonin-A review in recent years |
| - | Review, | Var, | NA |
| 2354- | SK, | PKM2-dependent glycolysis promotes NLRP3 and AIM2 inflammasome activation |
| - | in-vivo, | Sepsis, | NA |
| 2234- | SK, | Shikonin Suppresses Cell Tumorigenesis in Gastric Cancer Associated with the Inhibition of c-Myc and Yap-1 |
| - | in-vitro, | GC, | NA |
| 2233- | SK, | Clinical trial on the effects of shikonin mixture on later stage lung cancer |
| - | Trial, | Lung, | NA |
| 2232- | SK, | Shikonin Induces Autophagy and Apoptosis in Esophageal Cancer EC9706 Cells by Regulating the AMPK/mTOR/ULK Axis |
| - | in-vitro, | ESCC, | EC9706 |
| 2231- | SK, | Shikonin Exerts Cytotoxic Effects in Human Colon Cancers by Inducing Apoptotic Cell Death via the Endoplasmic Reticulum and Mitochondria-Mediated Pathways |
| - | in-vitro, | CRC, | SNU-407 |
| 2230- | SK, | Shikonin induces ROS-based mitochondria-mediated apoptosis in colon cancer |
| - | in-vitro, | CRC, | HCT116 | - | in-vivo, | NA, | NA |
| 2361- | SK, | Natural shikonin and acetyl-shikonin improve intestinal microbial and protein composition to alleviate colitis-associated colorectal cancer |
| - | in-vivo, | CRC, | NA |
| 2228- | SK, | Shikonin induced Apoptosis Mediated by Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress in Colorectal Cancer Cells |
| - | in-vitro, | CRC, | HCT116 | - | in-vitro, | CRC, | HCT15 | - | in-vivo, | NA, | NA |
| 2227- | SK, | Shikonin induces mitochondria-mediated apoptosis and enhances chemotherapeutic sensitivity of gastric cancer through reactive oxygen species |
| - | in-vitro, | GC, | BGC-823 | - | in-vitro, | GC, | SGC-7901 | - | in-vitro, | Nor, | GES-1 |
| 2226- | SK, | Shikonin, a Chinese plant-derived naphthoquinone, induces apoptosis in hepatocellular carcinoma cells through reactive oxygen species: A potential new treatment for hepatocellular carcinoma |
| - | in-vitro, | HCC, | HUH7 | - | in-vitro, | HCC, | Bel-7402 |
| 2225- | SK, | Shikonin protects skin cells against oxidative stress and cellular dysfunction induced by fine particulate matter |
| - | in-vitro, | Nor, | HaCaT |
| 2224- | SK, | Shikonin induces apoptosis and autophagy via downregulation of pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase1 in hepatocellular carcinoma cells |
| - | in-vitro, | HCC, | SMMC-7721 cell | - | in-vitro, | HCC, | HUH7 | - | in-vitro, | HCC, | HepG2 |
| 2223- | SK, | Non-metabolic enzyme function of PKM2 in hepatocellular carcinoma: A review |
| - | in-vitro, | Var, | NA |
| 2222- | SK, | The anti-tumor effect of shikonin on osteosarcoma by inducing RIP1 and RIP3 dependent necroptosis |
| - | in-vitro, | OS, | U2OS | - | in-vitro, | OS, | 143B | - | in-vivo, | NA, | NA |
| 2221- | SK, | Shikonin Induces Apoptosis, Necrosis, and Premature Senescence of Human A549 Lung Cancer Cells through Upregulation of p53 Expression |
| - | in-vitro, | Lung, | A549 |
| 2220- | SK, | Shikonin Alleviates Gentamicin-Induced Renal Injury in Rats by Targeting Renal Endocytosis, SIRT1/Nrf2/HO-1, TLR-4/NF-κB/MAPK, and PI3K/Akt Cascades |
| - | in-vivo, | Nor, | NA |
| 2219- | SK, | Shikonin induces apoptosis of HaCaT cells via the mitochondrial, Erk and Akt pathways |
| - | in-vitro, | Nor, | HaCaT |
| 2218- | SK, | Shikonin Alleviates Endothelial Cell Injury Induced by ox-LDL via AMPK/Nrf2/HO-1 Signaling Pathway |
| - | in-vitro, | Nor, | HUVECs |
| 2470- | SK, | PKM2/PDK1 dual-targeted shikonin derivatives restore the sensitivity of EGFR-mutated NSCLC cells to gefitinib by remodeling glucose metabolism |
| - | in-vitro, | Lung, | H1299 |
| 3051- | SK, | Resveratrol mediates its anti-cancer effects by Nrf2 signaling pathway activation |
| - | Review, | Var, | NA |
| 3050- | SK, | Systemic administration of Shikonin ameliorates cognitive impairment and neuron damage in NPSLE mice |
| - | in-vivo, | Nor, | NA |
| 3049- | SK, | Shikonin Attenuates Chronic Cerebral Hypoperfusion-Induced Cognitive Impairment by Inhibiting Apoptosis via PTEN/Akt/CREB/BDNF Signaling |
| - | in-vivo, | Nor, | NA | - | NA, | Stroke, | NA |
| - | in-vitro, | BC, | MDA-MB-231 | - | in-vitro, | BC, | 4T1 | - | in-vitro, | Nor, | MCF12A | - | in-vivo, | NA, | NA |
| 3047- | SK, | Shikonin suppresses colon cancer cell growth and exerts synergistic effects by regulating ADAM17 and the IL-6/STAT3 signaling pathway |
| - | in-vitro, | CRC, | HCT116 | - | in-vitro, | CRC, | SW48 |
| 3046- | SK, | Shikonin attenuates lung cancer cell adhesion to extracellular matrix and metastasis by inhibiting integrin β1 expression and the ERK1/2 signaling pathway |
| - | in-vitro, | Lung, | A549 |
| 3045- | SK, | Cutting off the fuel supply to calcium pumps in pancreatic cancer cells: role of pyruvate kinase-M2 (PKM2) |
| - | in-vitro, | PC, | MIA PaCa-2 |
| 3044- | SK, | Shikonin Inhibits Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer H1299 Cell Growth through Survivin Signaling Pathway |
| - | in-vitro, | Lung, | H1299 | - | in-vitro, | Lung, | H460 |
| 3043- | SK, | Shikonin Induces Apoptosis by Inhibiting Phosphorylation of IGF-1 Receptor in Myeloma Cells. |
| - | in-vitro, | Melanoma, | RPMI-8226 |
| 3042- | SK, | The protective effects of Shikonin on lipopolysaccharide/D -galactosamine-induced acute liver injury via inhibiting MAPK and NF-kB and activating Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathways |
| - | in-vivo, | Nor, | NA |
| 3041- | SK, | Promising Nanomedicines of Shikonin for Cancer Therapy |
| - | Review, | Var, | NA |
| 3040- | SK, | Pharmacological Properties of Shikonin – A Review of Literature since 2002 |
| - | Review, | Var, | NA | - | Review, | IBD, | NA | - | Review, | Stroke, | NA |
| 2217- | SK, | Shikonin Inhibits Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress-Induced Apoptosis to Attenuate Renal Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury by Activating the Sirt1/Nrf2/HO-1 Pathway |
| - | in-vivo, | Nor, | NA | - | in-vitro, | Nor, | HK-2 |
| 2469- | SK, | Shikonin induces the apoptosis and pyroptosis of EGFR-T790M-mutant drug-resistant non-small cell lung cancer cells via the degradation of cyclooxygenase-2 |
| - | in-vitro, | Lung, | H1975 |
| 2420- | SK, | Pyruvate kinase M2 regulates mitochondrial homeostasis in cisplatin-induced acute kidney injury |
| - | in-vivo, | AKI, | NA |
| 2419- | SK, | Regulation of glycolysis and the Warburg effect in wound healing |
| - | in-vivo, | Nor, | NA |
| 2418- | SK, | Experimental Study of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Treatment by Shikonin Through Regulating PKM2 |
| - | in-vitro, | HCC, | SMMC-7721 cell | - | in-vitro, | HCC, | HUH7 | - | in-vitro, | HCC, | HepG2 |
| 2417- | SK, | Shikonin inhibits the Warburg effect, cell proliferation, invasion and migration by downregulating PFKFB2 expression in lung cancer |
| - | in-vitro, | Lung, | A549 | - | in-vitro, | Lung, | H446 |
| 2416- | SK, | Shikonin induces cell death by inhibiting glycolysis in human testicular cancer I-10 and seminoma TCAM-2 cells |
| - | in-vitro, | Testi, | TCAM-2 |
| 2415- | SK, | Shikonin induces programmed death of fibroblast synovial cells in rheumatoid arthritis by inhibiting energy pathways |
| - | in-vivo, | Arthritis, | NA |
| 2370- | SK, | The role of pyruvate kinase M2 in anticancer therapeutic treatments |
| - | Review, | Var, | NA |
| 2364- | SK, | Pyruvate Kinase M2 Mediates Glycolysis Contributes to Psoriasis by Promoting Keratinocyte Proliferation |
| - | in-vivo, | PSA, | NA |
| 2363- | SK, | Inhibition of PKM2 by shikonin impedes TGF-β1 expression by repressing histone lactylation to alleviate renal fibrosis |
| - | in-vivo, | CKD, | NA |
| 2362- | SK, | RIP1 and RIP3 contribute to shikonin-induced glycolysis suppression in glioma cells via increase of intracellular hydrogen peroxide |
| - | in-vitro, | GBM, | U87MG | - | in-vivo, | GBM, | NA | - | in-vitro, | GBM, | U251 |
| 1345- | SK, | The Critical Role of Redox Homeostasis in Shikonin-Induced HL-60 Cell Differentiation via Unique Modulation of the Nrf2/ARE Pathway |
| - | in-vitro, | AML, | HL-60 |
| 2186- | SK, | Shikonin differentially regulates glucose metabolism via PKM2 and HIF1α to overcome apoptosis in a refractory HCC cell line |
| - | in-vitro, | HCC, | HepG2 | - | in-vitro, | HCC, | HCCLM3 |
| 2185- | SK, | Shikonin Inhibits Tumor Growth in Mice by Suppressing Pyruvate Kinase M2-mediated Aerobic Glycolysis |
| - | in-vitro, | Lung, | LLC1 | - | in-vitro, | Melanoma, | B16-BL6 | - | in-vivo, | NA, | NA |
| 2184- | SK, | Cisplatin, | PKM2 Inhibitor Shikonin Overcomes the Cisplatin Resistance in Bladder Cancer by Inducing Necroptosis |
| - | in-vitro, | CRC, | T24 |
| 2183- | SK, | Shikonin Inhibites Migration and Invasion of Thyroid Cancer Cells by Downregulating DNMT1 |
| - | in-vitro, | Thyroid, | TPC-1 |
| 2182- | SK, | Cisplatin, | Shikonin inhibited glycolysis and sensitized cisplatin treatment in non-small cell lung cancer cells via the exosomal pyruvate kinase M2 pathway |
| - | in-vitro, | Lung, | A549 | - | in-vitro, | Lung, | PC9 | - | in-vivo, | NA, | NA |
| 2181- | SK, | Shikonin and its analogs inhibit cancer cell glycolysis by targeting tumor pyruvate kinase-M2 |
| - | in-vitro, | BC, | MCF-7 | - | in-vitro, | Lung, | A549 | - | in-vitro, | Cerv, | HeLa |
| 2011- | SK, | Shikonin Attenuates Acetaminophen-Induced Hepatotoxicity by Upregulation of Nrf2 through Akt/GSK3β Signaling |
| - | in-vitro, | Nor, | HL7702 | - | in-vivo, | Nor, | NA |
| 2010- | SK, | Shikonin inhibits gefitinib-resistant non-small cell lung cancer by inhibiting TrxR and activating the EGFR proteasomal degradation pathway |
| - | in-vitro, | Lung, | H1975 | - | in-vitro, | Lung, | H1650 | - | in-vitro, | Nor, | CCD19 |
| 2009- | SK, | Necroptosis inhibits autophagy by regulating the formation of RIP3/p62/Keap1 complex in shikonin-induced ROS dependent cell death of human bladder cancer |
| - | in-vitro, | Bladder, | NA |
| 2008- | SK, | Cisplatin, | Enhancement of cisplatin-induced colon cancer cells apoptosis by shikonin, a natural inducer of ROS in vitro and in vivo |
| - | in-vitro, | CRC, | HCT116 | - | in-vivo, | NA, | NA |
| 2007- | SK, | Shikonin Directly Targets Mitochondria and Causes Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Cancer Cells |
| - | in-vitro, | lymphoma, | U937 | - | in-vitro, | BC, | MCF-7 | - | in-vitro, | BC, | SkBr3 | - | in-vitro, | CRC, | HCT116 | - | in-vitro, | OS, | U2OS | - | NA, | Nor, | RPE-1 |
| 1346- | SK, | An Oxidative Stress Mechanism of Shikonin in Human Glioma Cells |
| - | in-vitro, | GBM, | U87MG | - | in-vitro, | GBM, | Hs683 |
| 2187- | SK, | VitK3, | Shikonin, vitamin K3 and vitamin K5 inhibit multiple glycolytic enzymes in MCF-7 cells |
| - | in-vitro, | BC, | MCF-7 |
| 1344- | SK, | Novel multiple apoptotic mechanism of shikonin in human glioma cells |
| - | in-vitro, | GBM, | U87MG | - | in-vitro, | GBM, | Hs683 | - | in-vitro, | GBM, | M059K |
| 1343- | SK, | Simple ROS-responsive micelles loaded Shikonin for efficient ovarian cancer targeting therapy by disrupting intracellular redox homeostasis |
| - | in-vitro, | Ovarian, | A2780S | - | in-vivo, | NA, | A2780S |
| 1342- | SK, | RIP1 and RIP3 contribute to shikonin-induced DNA double-strand breaks in glioma cells via increase of intracellular reactive oxygen species |
| - | in-vitro, | GBM, | NA | - | in-vivo, | NA, | NA |
| 1312- | SK, | Shikonin induces apoptosis through reactive oxygen species/extracellular signal-regulated kinase pathway in osteosarcoma cells |
| - | in-vitro, | OS, | 143B |
| 1284- | SK, | Shikonin induces ferroptosis in multiple myeloma via GOT1-mediated ferritinophagy |
| - | in-vitro, | Melanoma, | RPMI-8226 | - | in-vitro, | Melanoma, | U266 |
| 1281- | SK, | Enhancement of NK cells proliferation and function by Shikonin |
| - | in-vivo, | Colon, | Caco-2 |
| 1280- | SK, | Shikonin Induces Apoptotic Cell Death via Regulation of p53 and Nrf2 in AGS Human Stomach Carcinoma Cells |
| - | in-vitro, | GC, | AGS |
| 1073- | SK, | Chemo, | Natural Compound Shikonin Is a Novel PAK1 Inhibitor and Enhances Efficacy of Chemotherapy against Pancreatic Cancer Cells |
| - | in-vitro, | PC, | PANC1 | - | in-vitro, | PC, | Bxpc-3 |
| 1050- | SK, | Shikonin improves the effectiveness of PD-1 blockade in colorectal cancer by enhancing immunogenicity via Hsp70 upregulation |
| - | in-vitro, | Colon, | CT26 |
| 1049- | SK, | Shikonin inhibits immune checkpoint PD-L1 expression on macrophage in sepsis by modulating PKM2 |
| - | in-vivo, | NA, | NA |
| 977- | SK, | A novel antiestrogen agent Shikonin inhibits estrogen-dependent gene transcription in human breast cancer cells |
| - | in-vitro, | BC, | T47D | - | in-vitro, | BC, | MDA-MB-231 | - | in-vitro, | BC, | MCF-7 | - | in-vitro, | Nor, | HMEC |
| 2199- | SK, | Induction of Ferroptosis by Shikonin in Gastric Cancer via the DLEU1/mTOR/GPX4 Axis |
| - | in-vitro, | GC, | NA |
| 2216- | SK, | Shikonin upregulates the expression of drug-metabolizing enzymes and drug transporters in primary rat hepatocytes |
| - | in-vivo, | Nor, | NA |
| 2215- | SK, | doxoR, | Shikonin alleviates doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity via Mst1/Nrf2 pathway in mice |
| - | in-vivo, | Nor, | NA |
| 2214- | SK, | Shikonin Attenuates Cochlear Spiral Ganglion Neuron Degeneration by Activating Nrf2-ARE Signaling Pathway |
| - | in-vitro, | Nor, | NA |
| 2213- | SK, | Shikonin attenuates cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury via inhibiting NOD2/RIP2/NF-κB-mediated microglia polarization and neuroinflammation |
| - | in-vivo, | Stroke, | NA |
| 2212- | SK, | Shikonin Exerts an Antileukemia Effect against FLT3-ITD Mutated Acute Myeloid Leukemia Cells via Targeting FLT3 and Its Downstream Pathways |
| - | in-vitro, | AML, | NA |
| 2211- | SK, | Shikonin mitigates ovariectomy-induced bone loss and RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis via TRAF6-mediated signaling pathways |
| - | in-vivo, | ostP, | NA |
| 2210- | SK, | Shikonin inhibits the cell viability, adhesion, invasion and migration of the human gastric cancer cell line MGC-803 via the Toll-like receptor 2/nuclear factor-kappa B pathway |
| - | in-vitro, | BC, | MGC803 |
| 2209- | SK, | Shikonin inhibits tumor invasion via down-regulation of NF-κB-mediated MMP-9 expression in human ACC-M cells |
| - | in-vitro, | adrenal, | ACC-M |
| 2203- | SK, | Shikonin suppresses small cell lung cancer growth via inducing ATF3-mediated ferroptosis to promote ROS accumulation |
| - | in-vitro, | Lung, | NA |
| 2202- | SK, | Enhancing Tumor Therapy of Fe(III)-Shikonin Supramolecular Nanomedicine via Triple Ferroptosis Amplification |
| - | in-vitro, | Var, | NA |
| 2201- | SK, | Shikonin promotes ferroptosis in HaCaT cells through Nrf2 and alleviates imiquimod-induced psoriasis in mice |
| - | in-vitro, | PSA, | HaCaT | - | in-vivo, | NA, | NA |
| 2200- | SK, | Shikonin inhibits the growth of anaplastic thyroid carcinoma cells by promoting ferroptosis and inhibiting glycolysis |
| - | in-vitro, | Thyroid, | CAL-62 | - | in-vitro, | Thyroid, | 8505C |
| 965- | SK, | Shikonin suppresses proliferation and induces cell cycle arrest through the inhibition of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α signaling |
| - | in-vitro, | CRC, | HCT116 | - | in-vitro, | CRC, | SW-620 |
| 2198- | SK, | Shikonin suppresses proliferation of osteosarcoma cells by inducing ferroptosis through promoting Nrf2 ubiquitination and inhibiting the xCT/GPX4 regulatory axis |
| - | in-vitro, | OS, | MG63 | - | in-vitro, | OS, | 143B |
| 2197- | SK, | Shikonin derivatives for cancer prevention and therapy |
| - | Review, | Var, | NA |
| 2196- | SK, | Research progress in mechanism of anticancer action of shikonin targeting reactive oxygen species |
| - | Review, | Var, | NA |
| 2195- | SK, | Shikonin induces ferroptosis in osteosarcomas through the mitochondrial ROS-regulated HIF-1α/HO-1 axis |
| - | in-vitro, | OS, | NA |
| 2194- | SK, | Efficacy of Shikonin against Esophageal Cancer Cells and its possible mechanisms in vitro and in vivo |
| - | in-vitro, | ESCC, | Eca109 | - | in-vitro, | ESCC, | EC9706 | - | in-vivo, | NA, | NA |
| 2193- | SK, | Shikonin Suppresses Lymphangiogenesis via NF-κB/HIF-1α Axis Inhibition |
| - | in-vitro, | Nor, | HMVEC-dLy |
| 2192- | SK, | Shikonin Inhibits Tumor Growth of ESCC by suppressing PKM2 mediated Aerobic Glycolysis and STAT3 Phosphorylation |
| - | in-vitro, | ESCC, | KYSE-510 | - | in-vitro, | ESCC, | Eca109 | - | in-vivo, | NA, | NA |
| 2191- | SK, | Shikonin Suppresses Skin Carcinogenesis via Inhibiting Cell Proliferation |
| - | in-vitro, | Melanoma, | NA |
| 2190- | SK, | Shikonin exerts antitumor activity by causing mitochondrial dysfunction in hepatocellular carcinoma through PKM2-AMPK-PGC1α signaling pathway |
| - | in-vitro, | HCC, | HCCLM3 |
| 2189- | SK, | PKM2 inhibitor shikonin suppresses TPA-induced mitochondrial malfunction and proliferation of skin epidermal JB6 cells |
| - | in-vitro, | Melanoma, | NA |
| 2188- | SK, | Molecular mechanism of shikonin inhibiting tumor growth and potential application in cancer treatment |
| - | Review, | Var, | NA |
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