Database Query Results : Shikonin, ,

SK, Shikonin: Click to Expand ⟱
Features:
The (R)-enantiomer of alkannin is known as shikonin, and the racemic mixture of the two is known as shikalkin.
Shikonin is a naphthoquinone derivative primarily isolated from the roots of plants in the Boraginaceae family (e.g., Lithospermum erythrorhizon).
Shikonin is the main active component of a Chinese medicinal plant 'Zi Cao'
-Shikonin is a major component of zicao (purple gromwell, the dried root of Lithospermum erythrorhizon), a Chinese herbal medicine with anti-inflammatory properties
-Quinone methides (QMs) are highly reactive intermediates formed from natural compounds like shikonin
-ic50 cancer cells 1-10uM, normal cells >10uM

-known as Glycolysis inhibitor: ( inhibit pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2*******), a key enzyme in the glycolytic pathway)

Available from mcsformulas.com Shikonin Pro Liposomal, 30 mg
Also In Glycolysis Inhibithree(100 mg PHLORIZIN,10 mg TANSHINONE IIA, 8 mg Shikonin)

-Note half-life15-30mins or 8hr?.
BioAv low, poor water solubility
Pathways:
- usually induce ROS production in cancer cells, and reduce ROS in normal cells.
- ROS↑ related: MMP↓(ΔΨm), ER Stress↑, GRP78↑, Ca+2↑, Cyt‑c↑, Caspases↑, DNA damage↑, cl-PARP↑, HSP↓,
- Lowers AntiOxidant defense in Cancer Cells: NRF2↓, TrxR↓**, SOD↓, GSH↓ Catalase↓ GPx4↓
- Raises AntiOxidant defense in Normal Cells: ROS↓">ROS↓, NRF2↑, SOD↑, GSH↑, Catalase↑,
- lowers Inflammation : NF-kB↓, COX2↓, p38↓, Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines : NLRP3↓, IL-1β↓, TNF-α↓, IL-6↓, IL-8↓
- inhibit Growth/Metastases : TumMeta↓, TumCG↓, EMT↓, MMPs↓, MMP2↓, MMP9↓, IGF-1↓, uPA↓, VEGF↓, FAK↓, NF-κB↓, TGF-β↓, ERK↓
- cause Cell cycle arrest : TumCCA↑, cyclin D1↓, cyclin E↓, CDK2↓, CDK4↓,
- inhibits Migration/Invasion : TumCMig↓, TumCI↓, FAK↓, ERK↓, EMT↓,
- inhibits glycolysis /Warburg Effect and ATP depletion : HIF-1α↓, PKM2↓, cMyc↓, GLUT1↓, LDH↓, LDHA↓, HK2↓, PFKs↓, PDKs↓, ECAR↓, OXPHOS↓, GRP78↑, GlucoseCon↓
- inhibits angiogenesis↓ : VEGF↓, HIF-1α↓, EGFR↓, Integrins↓,
- Others: PI3K↓, AKT↓, JAK↓, STAT↓, β-catenin↓, AMPK, ERK↓, JNK, P53↑,
- Synergies: chemo-sensitization, chemoProtective, RadioSensitizer, Others(review target notes), Neuroprotective, Cognitive, Renoprotection, Hepatoprotective, CardioProtective,

- Selectivity: Cancer Cells vs Normal Cells


Scientific Papers found: Click to Expand⟱
2229- SK,    Shikonin induces apoptosis and prosurvival autophagy in human melanoma A375 cells via ROS-mediated ER stress and p38 pathways
- in-vitro, Melanoma, A375
Apoptosis↑, TumAuto↑, TumCP↓, TumCCA↑, P21↑, cycD1/CCND1↓, ER Stress↑, p‑eIF2α↑, CHOP↑, cl‑Casp3↑, p38↑, LC3B-II↑, Beclin-1↑, ROS↑, eff↓,
2360- SK,    Shikonin inhibits growth, invasion and glycolysis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells through inactivating the phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase/AKT signal pathway
- in-vitro, NPC, HONE1 - in-vitro, NPC, SUNE-1
TumCP↓, Apoptosis↑, TumCMig↓, TumCI↓, GlucoseCon↓, lactateProd↓, ATP↓, PKM2↓, PI3K↓, Akt↓, MMP3↓, MMP9↓, TIMP1↑,
2359- SK,    Regulating lactate-related immunometabolism and EMT reversal for colorectal cancer liver metastases using shikonin targeted delivery
- in-vivo, Liver, NA
TumCG↓, PKM2↓, EMT↓, TGF-β↓, Glycolysis↓, lactateProd↓, ATP↓,
2358- SK,    SIRT1 improves lactate homeostasis in the brain to alleviate parkinsonism via deacetylation and inhibition of PKM2
- in-vivo, Park, NA
*eff↑, *PKM2↓, *motorD↑, *lactateProd↓,
2357- SK,    GTPBP4 promotes hepatocellular carcinoma progression and metastasis via the PKM2 dependent glucose metabolism
- Study, HCC, NA - in-vivo, NA, NA
AntiTum↑, GTPBP4↓, PKM2↓, lactateProd↓, GlucoseCon↓, Glycolysis↓, E-cadherin↑, TumCG↓,
2356- SK,    ESM1 enhances fatty acid synthesis and vascular mimicry in ovarian cancer by utilizing the PKM2-dependent warburg effect within the hypoxic tumor microenvironment
- in-vitro, Ovarian, CaOV3 - in-vitro, Ovarian, OV90 - in-vivo, NA, NA
PKM2↓, Glycolysis↓, FASN↓, lactateProd↓, Warburg↓, TumCG↓, VM↓,
2355- SK,    Pharmacological properties and derivatives of shikonin-A review in recent years
- Review, Var, NA
AntiCan↑, TumCP↓, TumCMig↓, Apoptosis↑, TumAuto↑, Necroptosis↑, ROS↑, TrxR1↓, PKM2↓, RIP1↓, RIP3↓, Src↓, FAK↓, PI3K↓, Akt↓, mTOR↓, GRP58↓, MMPs↓, ATF2↓, cl‑PARP↑, Casp3↑, p‑p38↑, p‑JNK↑, p‑ERK↓,
2354- SK,    PKM2-dependent glycolysis promotes NLRP3 and AIM2 inflammasome activation
- in-vivo, Sepsis, NA
PKM2↓, *PKM2↓, *IL1β↓, *IL18↓, *HMGB1↓, *Casp1↓, *NLRP3↓, *AIM2↓, *p‑eIF2α↓, *Sepsis↓,
2234- SK,    Shikonin Suppresses Cell Tumorigenesis in Gastric Cancer Associated with the Inhibition of c-Myc and Yap-1
- in-vitro, GC, NA
TumCP↓, TumCI↓, TumCMig↓, cMyc↓, YAP/TEAD↓,
2233- SK,    Clinical trial on the effects of shikonin mixture on later stage lung cancer
- Trial, Lung, NA
TumVol↓, Remission↑, OS↑, QoL↑, Weight↑, *toxicity∅,
2232- SK,    Shikonin Induces Autophagy and Apoptosis in Esophageal Cancer EC9706 Cells by Regulating the AMPK/mTOR/ULK Axis
- in-vitro, ESCC, EC9706
tumCV↓, TumCMig↓, TumCI↓, TumAuto↑, Apoptosis↑, Bcl-2↓, BAX↑, cl‑Casp3↑, cl‑Casp8↑, cl‑PARP↑, AMPK↑, mTOR↑, TumVol↓, OS↑, LC3I↑,
2231- SK,    Shikonin Exerts Cytotoxic Effects in Human Colon Cancers by Inducing Apoptotic Cell Death via the Endoplasmic Reticulum and Mitochondria-Mediated Pathways
- in-vitro, CRC, SNU-407
Apoptosis↑, ER Stress↑, PERK↑, eIF2α↑, CHOP↑, mt-Ca+2↑, MMP↓, Bcl-2↓, Casp3↑, Casp9↑, ERK↑, JNK↑, p38↓,
2230- SK,    Shikonin induces ROS-based mitochondria-mediated apoptosis in colon cancer
- in-vitro, CRC, HCT116 - in-vivo, NA, NA
TumCG↓, Bcl-2↓, ROS↑, Bcl-xL↓, MMP↓, Casp↑, selectivity↑, cycD1/CCND1↓, TumCCA↑, eff↓,
2361- SK,    Natural shikonin and acetyl-shikonin improve intestinal microbial and protein composition to alleviate colitis-associated colorectal cancer
- in-vivo, CRC, NA
GutMicro↑, Dose↝, IL1β↓, IL6↓, TNF-α↓, PKM2↓,
2228- SK,    Shikonin induced Apoptosis Mediated by Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress in Colorectal Cancer Cells
- in-vitro, CRC, HCT116 - in-vitro, CRC, HCT15 - in-vivo, NA, NA
Apoptosis↑, Bcl-2↓, Casp3↑, Casp9↑, cl‑PARP↑, GRP78/BiP↑, PERK↑, eIF2α↑, ATF4↑, CHOP↑, JNK↑, eff↓, ER Stress↑, ROS↑, TumCG↓,
2227- SK,    Shikonin induces mitochondria-mediated apoptosis and enhances chemotherapeutic sensitivity of gastric cancer through reactive oxygen species
- in-vitro, GC, BGC-823 - in-vitro, GC, SGC-7901 - in-vitro, Nor, GES-1
selectivity↑, TumCP↓, TumCD↑, ROS↑, MMP↓, Casp↑, Cyt‑c↑, Endon↑, AIF↑, eff↓, ChemoSen↑, TumCCA↑, GSH/GSSG↓, lipid-P↑,
2226- SK,    Shikonin, a Chinese plant-derived naphthoquinone, induces apoptosis in hepatocellular carcinoma cells through reactive oxygen species: A potential new treatment for hepatocellular carcinoma
- in-vitro, HCC, HUH7 - in-vitro, HCC, Bel-7402
selectivity↑, ROS↑, eff↓, Akt↓, RIP1↓, NF-kB↓,
2225- SK,    Shikonin protects skin cells against oxidative stress and cellular dysfunction induced by fine particulate matter
- in-vitro, Nor, HaCaT
*antiOx↑, *ROS↓, *GSH↑, *GCLC↑, *GSS↑, *Akt↑, *NRF2↑,
2224- SK,    Shikonin induces apoptosis and autophagy via downregulation of pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase1 in hepatocellular carcinoma cells
- in-vitro, HCC, SMMC-7721 cell - in-vitro, HCC, HUH7 - in-vitro, HCC, HepG2
PYCR1↓, PI3K↓, Akt↓, mTOR↓, eff↑,
2223- SK,    Non-metabolic enzyme function of PKM2 in hepatocellular carcinoma: A review
- in-vitro, Var, NA
PKM2↓,
2222- SK,    The anti-tumor effect of shikonin on osteosarcoma by inducing RIP1 and RIP3 dependent necroptosis
- in-vitro, OS, U2OS - in-vitro, OS, 143B - in-vivo, NA, NA
Necroptosis↑, RIP1↑, RIP3↑, OS↑, P53↑,
2221- SK,    Shikonin Induces Apoptosis, Necrosis, and Premature Senescence of Human A549 Lung Cancer Cells through Upregulation of p53 Expression
- in-vitro, Lung, A549
Apoptosis↑, TumCP↓, tumCV↓, Necroptosis↑, P53↑, ROS↑, NF-kB↓,
2220- SK,    Shikonin Alleviates Gentamicin-Induced Renal Injury in Rats by Targeting Renal Endocytosis, SIRT1/Nrf2/HO-1, TLR-4/NF-κB/MAPK, and PI3K/Akt Cascades
- in-vivo, Nor, NA
*RenoP↑, *ROS↓, *SIRT1↓, *NRF2↑, *HO-1↑, *GSH↑, *TAC↑, *SOD↑, *MDA↓, *NO↓, *iNOS↓, *NHE3↑, *PI3K↑,
2219- SK,    Shikonin induces apoptosis of HaCaT cells via the mitochondrial, Erk and Akt pathways
- in-vitro, Nor, HaCaT
*MMP↓, *ROS↑, *Casp3↑, *TumCG↓,
2218- SK,    Shikonin Alleviates Endothelial Cell Injury Induced by ox-LDL via AMPK/Nrf2/HO-1 Signaling Pathway
- in-vitro, Nor, HUVECs
*Dose↝, *Apoptosis↓, *Casp3↓, *Bcl-2↑, *Inflam↓, *VCAM-1↓, *ICAM-1↓, *E-sel↓, *ROS↓, *SOD↑, *AMPK↑, *NRF2↑, *HO-1↑, *TNF-α↓, *IL1β↓, *IL6↓,
2470- SK,    PKM2/PDK1 dual-targeted shikonin derivatives restore the sensitivity of EGFR-mutated NSCLC cells to gefitinib by remodeling glucose metabolism
- in-vitro, Lung, H1299
PKM2↓, PDK1↓, Glycolysis↓,
3051- SK,    Resveratrol mediates its anti-cancer effects by Nrf2 signaling pathway activation
- Review, Var, NA
Nrf1↑, Apoptosis↑, TumCP↓, eff⇅, chemoP↑, eff↑, VCAM-1↓, Hif1a↓,
3050- SK,    Systemic administration of Shikonin ameliorates cognitive impairment and neuron damage in NPSLE mice
- in-vivo, Nor, NA
*Inflam↓, *neuroP↑, *cognitive↑,
3049- SK,    Shikonin Attenuates Chronic Cerebral Hypoperfusion-Induced Cognitive Impairment by Inhibiting Apoptosis via PTEN/Akt/CREB/BDNF Signaling
- in-vivo, Nor, NA - NA, Stroke, NA
*neuroP↑, *p‑PTEN↓, *p‑Akt↑, *Bcl-2↑, *BAX↓, *cognitive↑, *BDNF↑,
3048- SK,    Shikonin inhibits triple-negative breast cancer-cell metastasis by reversing the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition via glycogen synthase kinase 3β-regulated suppression of β-catenin signaling
- in-vitro, BC, MDA-MB-231 - in-vitro, BC, 4T1 - in-vitro, Nor, MCF12A - in-vivo, NA, NA
tumCV↓, selectivity↑, EMT↓, TumCMig↓, TumCI↓, E-cadherin↑, N-cadherin↓, Vim↓, Snail↓, β-catenin/ZEB1↓, GSK‐3β↑,
3047- SK,    Shikonin suppresses colon cancer cell growth and exerts synergistic effects by regulating ADAM17 and the IL-6/STAT3 signaling pathway
- in-vitro, CRC, HCT116 - in-vitro, CRC, SW48
TumCG↓, p‑STAT3↓, ADAM17↓, Apoptosis↑, Casp3↑, cl‑PARP↑, cycD1/CCND1↓, cycE/CCNE↓, TumCCA↑, JAK1?, p‑JAK1↓, p‑JAK2↓, p‑eIF2α↑, eff↓, ROS↑, IL6↓,
3046- SK,    Shikonin attenuates lung cancer cell adhesion to extracellular matrix and metastasis by inhibiting integrin β1 expression and the ERK1/2 signaling pathway
- in-vitro, Lung, A549
TumCP↓, TumCI↓, TumCMig↓, p‑ERK↓, ITGB1↓,
3045- SK,    Cutting off the fuel supply to calcium pumps in pancreatic cancer cells: role of pyruvate kinase-M2 (PKM2)
- in-vitro, PC, MIA PaCa-2
ECAR↓, Glycolysis↓, ATP↓, PKM2↓, TumCMig↓, Ca+2↑, GlucoseCon↓, lactateProd↓, MMP↓, ROS↑,
3044- SK,    Shikonin Inhibits Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer H1299 Cell Growth through Survivin Signaling Pathway
- in-vitro, Lung, H1299 - in-vitro, Lung, H460
TumCP↓, survivin↓, TumCCA↓, CDK2↓, CDK4↓, XIAP↓, Casp3↑, Casp9↑, cycD1/CCND1↓, cycE/CCNE↓,
3043- SK,    Shikonin Induces Apoptosis by Inhibiting Phosphorylation of IGF-1 Receptor in Myeloma Cells.
- in-vitro, Melanoma, RPMI-8226
IGF-1↓, Apoptosis↑, TumCCA↑, MMP↓, Casp3↑, P53↑, BAX↑, Mcl-1↓, EGFR↓, Src↑, KDR/FLK-1↓, p‑IGF-1↓, PI3K↓, Akt↓,
3042- SK,    The protective effects of Shikonin on lipopolysaccharide/D -galactosamine-induced acute liver injury via inhibiting MAPK and NF-kB and activating Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathways
- in-vivo, Nor, NA
*TNF-α↓, *IL1β↓, *IL6↓, *IFN-γ↓, *ALAT↓, *AST↓, *MPO↓, *ROS↓, *JNK↓, *ERK↓, *p38↓, *NF-kB↓, *p‑IKKα↓, *SOD↑, *GSH↑, *HO-1↑, *NRF2↑, *hepatoP↑,
3041- SK,    Promising Nanomedicines of Shikonin for Cancer Therapy
- Review, Var, NA
Glycolysis↓, TAMS↝, BioAv↓, Half-Life↝, P21↑, ERK↓, ROS↑, GSH↓, MMP↓, TrxR↓, MMP13↓, MMP2↓, MMP9↓, SIRT2↑, Hif1a↓, PKM2↓, TumCP↓, TumMeta↓, TumCI↓,
3040- SK,    Pharmacological Properties of Shikonin – A Review of Literature since 2002
- Review, Var, NA - Review, IBD, NA - Review, Stroke, NA
*Half-Life↝, *BioAv↓, *BioAv↑, *BioAv↑, *Inflam↓, *TNF-α↓, *other↑, *MPO↓, *COX2↓, *NF-kB↑, *STAT3↑, *antiOx↑, *ROS↓, *neuroP↑, *SOD↑, *Catalase↑, *GPx↑, *Bcl-2↑, *BAX↓, cardioP↑, AntiCan↑, NF-kB↓, ROS↑, PKM2↓, TumCCA↑, Necroptosis↑, Apoptosis↑, DNAdam↑, MMP↓, Cyt‑c↑, LDH↝,
2217- SK,    Shikonin Inhibits Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress-Induced Apoptosis to Attenuate Renal Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury by Activating the Sirt1/Nrf2/HO-1 Pathway
- in-vivo, Nor, NA - in-vitro, Nor, HK-2
*ER Stress↓, *SIRT1↑, *NRF2↑, *HO-1↑, *eff↓, *RenoP↑, *GRP78/BiP↓, *CHOP↓, *Casp12↓, *BAX↓, *cl‑Casp3↓,
2469- SK,    Shikonin induces the apoptosis and pyroptosis of EGFR-T790M-mutant drug-resistant non-small cell lung cancer cells via the degradation of cyclooxygenase-2
- in-vitro, Lung, H1975
Apoptosis↑, Pyro↑, Casp↑, cl‑PARP↑, GSDME↑, ROS↑, COX2↓, PDK1↓, Akt↓, ERK↓, eff↓, eff↓, eff↑,
2420- SK,    Pyruvate kinase M2 regulates mitochondrial homeostasis in cisplatin-induced acute kidney injury
- in-vivo, AKI, NA
PKM2↓, other↝,
2419- SK,    Regulation of glycolysis and the Warburg effect in wound healing
- in-vivo, Nor, NA
Glycolysis↓, GLUT1↓, GLUT3↓, HK2↓, HK1↓, PFK1↓, PFK2↓, PKM2↓, lactateProd↓, GlucoseCon↓,
2418- SK,    Experimental Study of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Treatment by Shikonin Through Regulating PKM2
- in-vitro, HCC, SMMC-7721 cell - in-vitro, HCC, HUH7 - in-vitro, HCC, HepG2
tumCV↓, GlucoseCon↓, lactateProd↓, ChemoSen↑, PKM2↓, Glycolysis↓,
2417- SK,    Shikonin inhibits the Warburg effect, cell proliferation, invasion and migration by downregulating PFKFB2 expression in lung cancer
- in-vitro, Lung, A549 - in-vitro, Lung, H446
TumCP↓, TumCMig↓, TumCI↓, GlucoseCon↓, lactateProd↓, PFKFB2↓, Warburg↓, GLUT1∅, LDHA∅, PKM2∅, GLUT3∅, PDH∅,
2416- SK,    Shikonin induces cell death by inhibiting glycolysis in human testicular cancer I-10 and seminoma TCAM-2 cells
- in-vitro, Testi, TCAM-2
MMP↓, ROS↑, lactateProd↓, Bcl-2↓, cl‑Casp3↓, PKM2↓, GLUT1↓, HK2↓, LC3B↑,
2415- SK,    Shikonin induces programmed death of fibroblast synovial cells in rheumatoid arthritis by inhibiting energy pathways
- in-vivo, Arthritis, NA
Apoptosis?, TumAuto↑, ROS↑, ATP↓, Glycolysis↓, PI3K↓, Akt↓, mTOR↓, *Apoptosis↓, *Inflam↓, *TNF-α↓, *IL6↓, *IL8↓, *IL10↓, *IL17↓, *hepatoP↑, *RenoP↑, PKM2↓, GLUT1↓, HK2↓,
2370- SK,    The role of pyruvate kinase M2 in anticancer therapeutic treatments
- Review, Var, NA
Glycolysis↓, PKM2↓, EGFR↓, PI3K↓, p‑Akt↓, Hif1a↓,
2364- SK,    Pyruvate Kinase M2 Mediates Glycolysis Contributes to Psoriasis by Promoting Keratinocyte Proliferation
- in-vivo, PSA, NA
eff↑, lactateProd↓, PKM2↓,
2363- SK,    Inhibition of PKM2 by shikonin impedes TGF-β1 expression by repressing histone lactylation to alleviate renal fibrosis
- in-vivo, CKD, NA
PKM2↓, lactateProd↓, TGF-β↓,
2362- SK,    RIP1 and RIP3 contribute to shikonin-induced glycolysis suppression in glioma cells via increase of intracellular hydrogen peroxide
- in-vitro, GBM, U87MG - in-vivo, GBM, NA - in-vitro, GBM, U251
RIP1↑, RIP3↑, Glycolysis↓, G6PD↓, HK2↓, PKM2↓, H2O2↑, GSH↓, ROS↑,
1345- SK,    The Critical Role of Redox Homeostasis in Shikonin-Induced HL-60 Cell Differentiation via Unique Modulation of the Nrf2/ARE Pathway
- in-vitro, AML, HL-60
CD14↑, CD11b↑, ROS↑, GSH↓, GSH/GSSG↓, GPx↑, Catalase↓, Diff↑,
2186- SK,    Shikonin differentially regulates glucose metabolism via PKM2 and HIF1α to overcome apoptosis in a refractory HCC cell line
- in-vitro, HCC, HepG2 - in-vitro, HCC, HCCLM3
Glycolysis↓, PKM2↓, Apoptosis↑, ROS↑, OXPHOS⇅, eff↓,
2185- SK,    Shikonin Inhibits Tumor Growth in Mice by Suppressing Pyruvate Kinase M2-mediated Aerobic Glycolysis
- in-vitro, Lung, LLC1 - in-vitro, Melanoma, B16-BL6 - in-vivo, NA, NA
Glycolysis↓, GlucoseCon↓, lactateProd↓, PKM2↓, selectivity↑, Warburg↓, TumVol↓, TumW↓,
2184- SK,  Cisplatin,    PKM2 Inhibitor Shikonin Overcomes the Cisplatin Resistance in Bladder Cancer by Inducing Necroptosis
- in-vitro, CRC, T24
PKM2↓, ChemoSen↑, Necroptosis↑,
2183- SK,    Shikonin Inhibites Migration and Invasion of Thyroid Cancer Cells by Downregulating DNMT1
- in-vitro, Thyroid, TPC-1
TumCMig↓, TumCI↓, PTEN↑, DNMT1↓,
2182- SK,  Cisplatin,    Shikonin inhibited glycolysis and sensitized cisplatin treatment in non-small cell lung cancer cells via the exosomal pyruvate kinase M2 pathway
- in-vitro, Lung, A549 - in-vitro, Lung, PC9 - in-vivo, NA, NA
tumCV↓, TumCP↓, TumCI↓, TumCMig↓, Apoptosis↑, PKM2↓, Glycolysis↓, GlucoseCon↓, lactateProd↓, ChemoSen↑, TumVol↓, TumW↓, GLUT1↓,
2181- SK,    Shikonin and its analogs inhibit cancer cell glycolysis by targeting tumor pyruvate kinase-M2
- in-vitro, BC, MCF-7 - in-vitro, Lung, A549 - in-vitro, Cerv, HeLa
Glycolysis↓, lactateProd↓, GlucoseCon↓, PKM2↓, LDH∅,
2011- SK,    Shikonin Attenuates Acetaminophen-Induced Hepatotoxicity by Upregulation of Nrf2 through Akt/GSK3β Signaling
- in-vitro, Nor, HL7702 - in-vivo, Nor, NA
*NRF2↑, *hepatoP↑, *ALAT↓, *AST↓, *MPO↓, *ROS↓, *GSH↑,
2010- SK,    Shikonin inhibits gefitinib-resistant non-small cell lung cancer by inhibiting TrxR and activating the EGFR proteasomal degradation pathway
- in-vitro, Lung, H1975 - in-vitro, Lung, H1650 - in-vitro, Nor, CCD19
EGFR↓, selectivity↑, Casp↑, PARP↑, Apoptosis↑, ROS↑, eff↓, selectivity↑,
2009- SK,    Necroptosis inhibits autophagy by regulating the formation of RIP3/p62/Keap1 complex in shikonin-induced ROS dependent cell death of human bladder cancer
- in-vitro, Bladder, NA
TumCG↓, selectivity↑, *toxicity∅, Necroptosis↑, ROS↑, p62↑, Keap1↑, *NRF2↑, eff↑,
2008- SK,  Cisplatin,    Enhancement of cisplatin-induced colon cancer cells apoptosis by shikonin, a natural inducer of ROS in vitro and in vivo
- in-vitro, CRC, HCT116 - in-vivo, NA, NA
ChemoSen↑, selectivity↑, i-ROS↑, DNAdam↑, MMP↓, TumCCA↑, eff↓, *toxicity↓,
2007- SK,    Shikonin Directly Targets Mitochondria and Causes Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Cancer Cells
- in-vitro, lymphoma, U937 - in-vitro, BC, MCF-7 - in-vitro, BC, SkBr3 - in-vitro, CRC, HCT116 - in-vitro, OS, U2OS - NA, Nor, RPE-1
tumCV↓, selectivity↑, Dose↝, other↑, MMP↓, ROS↑, DNAdam↑, Ca+2↑, Casp9↑, Cyt‑c↑, *toxicity↓,
1346- SK,    An Oxidative Stress Mechanism of Shikonin in Human Glioma Cells
- in-vitro, GBM, U87MG - in-vitro, GBM, Hs683
NRF2↓, ROS↑, Apoptosis↑, Cyt‑c↑, GSH↓, MMP↓, P53↑, HO-1⇅,
2187- SK,  VitK3,    Shikonin, vitamin K3 and vitamin K5 inhibit multiple glycolytic enzymes in MCF-7 cells
- in-vitro, BC, MCF-7
Glycolysis↓, PKM2↓,
1344- SK,    Novel multiple apoptotic mechanism of shikonin in human glioma cells
- in-vitro, GBM, U87MG - in-vitro, GBM, Hs683 - in-vitro, GBM, M059K
ROS↑, GSH↓, MMP↓, P53↑, cl‑PARP↑, Catalase↓, SOD1↑, Bcl-2↓, BAX↑, eff↓,
1343- SK,    Simple ROS-responsive micelles loaded Shikonin for efficient ovarian cancer targeting therapy by disrupting intracellular redox homeostasis
- in-vitro, Ovarian, A2780S - in-vivo, NA, A2780S
*BioAv↓, ROS↑, GSH↓, TumCG↓,
1342- SK,    RIP1 and RIP3 contribute to shikonin-induced DNA double-strand breaks in glioma cells via increase of intracellular reactive oxygen species
- in-vitro, GBM, NA - in-vivo, NA, NA
RIP1↑, RIP3↑, DNAdam↑, ROS↑, GSH↓,
1312- SK,    Shikonin induces apoptosis through reactive oxygen species/extracellular signal-regulated kinase pathway in osteosarcoma cells
- in-vitro, OS, 143B
ROS↑, p‑ERK↑, Bcl-2↓, cl‑PARP↑, Apoptosis↑, TumCCA↑, Bcl-2↑, proCasp3↓,
1284- SK,    Shikonin induces ferroptosis in multiple myeloma via GOT1-mediated ferritinophagy
- in-vitro, Melanoma, RPMI-8226 - in-vitro, Melanoma, U266
Ferroptosis↑, LDH↓, ROS↑, Iron↑, lipid-P↑, ATP↓, HMGB1↓, GPx4↓, MDA↑, SOD↓, GSH↓,
1281- SK,    Enhancement of NK cells proliferation and function by Shikonin
- in-vivo, Colon, Caco-2
Perforin↑, GranB↑, p‑ERK↑, p‑Akt↑, NK cell↑, eff↝,
1280- SK,    Shikonin Induces Apoptotic Cell Death via Regulation of p53 and Nrf2 in AGS Human Stomach Carcinoma Cells
- in-vitro, GC, AGS
ROS↑, Casp3↑, P53↑, NRF2↓,
1073- SK,  Chemo,    Natural Compound Shikonin Is a Novel PAK1 Inhibitor and Enhances Efficacy of Chemotherapy against Pancreatic Cancer Cells
- in-vitro, PC, PANC1 - in-vitro, PC, Bxpc-3
PAK1↓, TumCP↓, Apoptosis↑, ChemoSen↑, ROS↑,
1050- SK,    Shikonin improves the effectiveness of PD-1 blockade in colorectal cancer by enhancing immunogenicity via Hsp70 upregulation
- in-vitro, Colon, CT26
HSP70/HSPA5↑, ROS↑, PKM2↓,
1049- SK,    Shikonin inhibits immune checkpoint PD-L1 expression on macrophage in sepsis by modulating PKM2
- in-vivo, NA, NA
TNF-α↓, IL6↓, IFN-γ↓, IL1β↓, PD-L1↓, p‑PKM2↓,
977- SK,    A novel antiestrogen agent Shikonin inhibits estrogen-dependent gene transcription in human breast cancer cells
- in-vitro, BC, T47D - in-vitro, BC, MDA-MB-231 - in-vitro, BC, MCF-7 - in-vitro, Nor, HMEC
TumCG↓, ERα/ESR1↓, selectivity↑, *toxicity↓,
2199- SK,    Induction of Ferroptosis by Shikonin in Gastric Cancer via the DLEU1/mTOR/GPX4 Axis
- in-vitro, GC, NA
ROS↑, lipid-P↑, Iron↑, MDA↑, GPx4↓, Ferritin↓, DLEU1↓, mTOR↓, Ferroptosis↑,
2216- SK,    Shikonin upregulates the expression of drug-metabolizing enzymes and drug transporters in primary rat hepatocytes
- in-vivo, Nor, NA
*NRF2↑, *AhR↑, *CYP1A1↑, *CYP1A2↑, *CYP2C6↑, *CYP2D1↑, *CYP3A2↑, *NQO1↑,
2215- SK,  doxoR,    Shikonin alleviates doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity via Mst1/Nrf2 pathway in mice
- in-vivo, Nor, NA
*cardioP↑, *ROS↓, *Inflam↓, *Mst1↓, *NRF2↑, *eff↓, *antiOx↑, *SOD↑, *GSH↑, *TNF-α↓, BAX↓, Bcl-2↑,
2214- SK,    Shikonin Attenuates Cochlear Spiral Ganglion Neuron Degeneration by Activating Nrf2-ARE Signaling Pathway
- in-vitro, Nor, NA
*NRF2↑, *HO-1↑, *NQO1↑, *antiOx↑, *neuroP↑, *ROS↓, *MDA↓, *SOD↑, GSH↑,
2213- SK,    Shikonin attenuates cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury via inhibiting NOD2/RIP2/NF-κB-mediated microglia polarization and neuroinflammation
- in-vivo, Stroke, NA
*neuroP↑, *Inflam↓, *iNOS↓, *TNF-α↓, *IL1β↓, *IL6↓, *ARG↑, *TGF-β↑, *IL10↑, *NF-kB↓, *eff↓,
2212- SK,    Shikonin Exerts an Antileukemia Effect against FLT3-ITD Mutated Acute Myeloid Leukemia Cells via Targeting FLT3 and Its Downstream Pathways
- in-vitro, AML, NA
FLT3↓, NF-kB↓, miR-155↓, Diff↑, TumCG↓,
2211- SK,    Shikonin mitigates ovariectomy-induced bone loss and RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis via TRAF6-mediated signaling pathways
- in-vivo, ostP, NA
*BMD↑, *p‑NF-kB↓, *p‑p50↓, *p‑p65↓, *p‑ERK↓, *p‑cJun↓, *p‑p38↓,
2210- SK,    Shikonin inhibits the cell viability, adhesion, invasion and migration of the human gastric cancer cell line MGC-803 via the Toll-like receptor 2/nuclear factor-kappa B pathway
- in-vitro, BC, MGC803
TumCA↓, TumCI↓, TumCMig↓, MMP2↓, MMP7↓, TLR2↓, p65↓, NF-kB↓, eff↑, ROS↑,
2209- SK,    Shikonin inhibits tumor invasion via down-regulation of NF-κB-mediated MMP-9 expression in human ACC-M cells
- in-vitro, adrenal, ACC-M
MMP9↓, NF-kB↓, IKKα↓,
2203- SK,    Shikonin suppresses small cell lung cancer growth via inducing ATF3-mediated ferroptosis to promote ROS accumulation
- in-vitro, Lung, NA
TumCP↓, Apoptosis↓, TumCMig↓, TumCI↓, Ferroptosis↑, ERK↓, GPx4↓, 4-HNE↑, ROS↑, GSH↓, ATF3↑, HDAC1↓, ac‑Histones↑,
2202- SK,    Enhancing Tumor Therapy of Fe(III)-Shikonin Supramolecular Nanomedicine via Triple Ferroptosis Amplification
- in-vitro, Var, NA
Iron↑, Ferroptosis↑, pH↝, H2O2↑, ROS↑, Fenton↑, GSH↓, GPx4↓, lipid-P↑,
2201- SK,    Shikonin promotes ferroptosis in HaCaT cells through Nrf2 and alleviates imiquimod-induced psoriasis in mice
- in-vitro, PSA, HaCaT - in-vivo, NA, NA
*eff↑, *IL6↓, *IL17↓, *TNF-α↓, *lipid-P↑, *NRF2↓, *HO-1↝, *NCOA4↝, *GPx4↓, *Ferroptosis↓, *Inflam↓, *ROS↓, *Iron↓,
2200- SK,    Shikonin inhibits the growth of anaplastic thyroid carcinoma cells by promoting ferroptosis and inhibiting glycolysis
- in-vitro, Thyroid, CAL-62 - in-vitro, Thyroid, 8505C
NF-kB↓, GPx4↓, TrxR1↓, PKM2↓, GLUT1↓, Glycolysis↓, Ferroptosis↑, GlucoseCon↓, lactateProd↓, ROS↑,
965- SK,    Shikonin suppresses proliferation and induces cell cycle arrest through the inhibition of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α signaling
- in-vitro, CRC, HCT116 - in-vitro, CRC, SW-620
Hif1a↓, ROS↓, mTOR↓, p70S6↓, 4E-BP1↓, eIF2α↓, TumCCA↑, TumCP↓, Half-Life↝,
2198- SK,    Shikonin suppresses proliferation of osteosarcoma cells by inducing ferroptosis through promoting Nrf2 ubiquitination and inhibiting the xCT/GPX4 regulatory axis
- in-vitro, OS, MG63 - in-vitro, OS, 143B
TumCP↓, TumCCA↑, Ferroptosis↑, Iron↑, ROS↑, lipid-P↑, MDA↑, mtDam↑, NRF2↓, xCT↓, GPx4↓, GSH/GSSG↓, Keap1↑,
2197- SK,    Shikonin derivatives for cancer prevention and therapy
- Review, Var, NA
ROS↑, Ca+2↑, BAX↑, Bcl-2↓, MMP9↓, NF-kB↓, PKM2↓, Hif1a↓, NRF2↓, P53↑, DNMT1↓, MDR1↓, COX2↓, VEGF↓, EMT↓, MMP7↓, MMP13↓, uPA↓, RIP1↑, RIP3↑, Casp3↑, Casp7↑, Casp9↑, P21↓, DFF45↓, TRAIL↑, PTEN↑, mTOR↓, AR↓, FAK↓, Src↓, Myc↓, RadioS↑,
2196- SK,    Research progress in mechanism of anticancer action of shikonin targeting reactive oxygen species
- Review, Var, NA
*ALAT↓, *AST↓, *Inflam?, *EMT↑, ROS?, TrxR1↓, PERK↑, eIF2α↑, ATF4↑, CHOP↑, IRE1↑, JNK↑, eff↝, DR5↑, Glycolysis↓, PKM2↓, ChemoSen↑, GPx4↓, HO-1↑,
2195- SK,    Shikonin induces ferroptosis in osteosarcomas through the mitochondrial ROS-regulated HIF-1α/HO-1 axis
- in-vitro, OS, NA
TumCP↓, Ferroptosis↓, Hif1a↑, HO-1↑, Iron↑, ROS↑, GSH/GSSG↓, GPx4↓,
2194- SK,    Efficacy of Shikonin against Esophageal Cancer Cells and its possible mechanisms in vitro and in vivo
- in-vitro, ESCC, Eca109 - in-vitro, ESCC, EC9706 - in-vivo, NA, NA
tumCV↓, TumCCA↑, Apoptosis↑, EGFR↓, PI3K↓, Hif1a↓, PKM2↓, cycD1/CCND1↓, AntiTum↑,
2193- SK,    Shikonin Suppresses Lymphangiogenesis via NF-κB/HIF-1α Axis Inhibition
- in-vitro, Nor, HMVEC-dLy
*NF-kB↓, *Hif1a↓, other↓,
2192- SK,    Shikonin Inhibits Tumor Growth of ESCC by suppressing PKM2 mediated Aerobic Glycolysis and STAT3 Phosphorylation
- in-vitro, ESCC, KYSE-510 - in-vitro, ESCC, Eca109 - in-vivo, NA, NA
TumCP↓, Glycolysis↓, GlucoseCon↓, lactateProd↓, PKM2↓, p‑PKM2↓, p‑STAT3↓, GLUT1↓, HK2↓, TumW↓,
2191- SK,    Shikonin Suppresses Skin Carcinogenesis via Inhibiting Cell Proliferation
- in-vitro, Melanoma, NA
PKM2↓, ATF4↓, CDK4↓, COX2↓, MAPK↓,
2190- SK,    Shikonin exerts antitumor activity by causing mitochondrial dysfunction in hepatocellular carcinoma through PKM2-AMPK-PGC1α signaling pathway
- in-vitro, HCC, HCCLM3
TumCP↓, TumCMig↓, TumCI↓, Apoptosis↑, MMP↓, ROS↑, OCR↓, ATP↓, PKM2↓,
2189- SK,    PKM2 inhibitor shikonin suppresses TPA-induced mitochondrial malfunction and proliferation of skin epidermal JB6 cells
- in-vitro, Melanoma, NA
PKM2↓, chemoPv↑, eff↝, lactateProd↓, ROS↑, *ROS?, *PKM2↓,
2188- SK,    Molecular mechanism of shikonin inhibiting tumor growth and potential application in cancer treatment
- Review, Var, NA
ROS↑, EGFR↓, PI3K↓, Akt↓, angioG↓, Apoptosis↑, Necroptosis↑, GSH↓, Ca+2↓, MMP↓, ERK↓, p38↑, proCasp3↑, eff↓, VEGF↓, FOXO3↑, EGR1↑, SIRT1↑, RIP1↑, RIP3↑, BioAv↓, NF-kB↓, Half-Life↓,

* indicates research on normal cells as opposed to diseased cells
Total Research Paper Matches: 100

Pathway results for Effect on Cancer / Diseased Cells:


NA, unassigned ⓘ

chemoPv↑, 1,  

Redox & Oxidative Stress ⓘ

4-HNE↑, 1,   ATF3↑, 1,   Catalase↓, 2,   Fenton↑, 1,   Ferroptosis↓, 1,   Ferroptosis↑, 6,   GPx↑, 1,   GPx4↓, 8,   GSH↓, 11,   GSH↑, 1,   GSH/GSSG↓, 4,   H2O2↑, 2,   HK1↓, 1,   HO-1↑, 2,   HO-1⇅, 1,   Iron↑, 5,   Keap1↑, 2,   lipid-P↑, 5,   MDA↑, 3,   Nrf1↑, 1,   NRF2↓, 4,   OXPHOS⇅, 1,   PYCR1↓, 1,   ROS?, 1,   ROS↓, 1,   ROS↑, 40,   i-ROS↑, 1,   SOD↓, 1,   SOD1↑, 1,   TrxR↓, 1,   TrxR1↓, 3,   xCT↓, 1,  

Metal & Cofactor Biology ⓘ

Ferritin↓, 1,  

Mitochondria & Bioenergetics ⓘ

AIF↑, 1,   ATP↓, 6,   MMP↓, 14,   mtDam↑, 1,   OCR↓, 1,   XIAP↓, 1,  

Core Metabolism/Glycolysis ⓘ

AMPK↑, 1,   cMyc↓, 1,   ECAR↓, 1,   FASN↓, 1,   G6PD↓, 1,   GlucoseCon↓, 11,   Glycolysis↓, 19,   ac‑Histones↑, 1,   HK2↓, 5,   lactateProd↓, 17,   LDH↓, 1,   LDH↝, 1,   LDH∅, 1,   LDHA∅, 1,   PDH∅, 1,   PDK1↓, 2,   PFK1↓, 1,   PFK2↓, 1,   PFKFB2↓, 1,   PKM2↓, 36,   PKM2∅, 1,   p‑PKM2↓, 2,   SIRT1↑, 1,   SIRT2↑, 1,   Warburg↓, 3,  

Cell Death ⓘ

Akt↓, 8,   p‑Akt↓, 1,   p‑Akt↑, 1,   Apoptosis?, 1,   Apoptosis↓, 1,   Apoptosis↑, 21,   ATF2↓, 1,   BAX↓, 1,   BAX↑, 4,   Bcl-2↓, 8,   Bcl-2↑, 2,   Bcl-xL↓, 1,   Casp↑, 4,   Casp3↑, 8,   cl‑Casp3↓, 1,   cl‑Casp3↑, 2,   proCasp3↓, 1,   proCasp3↑, 1,   Casp7↑, 1,   cl‑Casp8↑, 1,   Casp9↑, 5,   Cyt‑c↑, 4,   DR5↑, 1,   Endon↑, 1,   Ferroptosis↓, 1,   Ferroptosis↑, 6,   GranB↑, 1,   GRP58↓, 1,   GSDME↑, 1,   JNK↑, 3,   p‑JNK↑, 1,   MAPK↓, 1,   Mcl-1↓, 1,   Myc↓, 1,   Necroptosis↑, 7,   p38↓, 1,   p38↑, 2,   p‑p38↑, 1,   Perforin↑, 1,   Pyro↑, 1,   RIP1↓, 2,   RIP1↑, 5,   survivin↓, 1,   TRAIL↑, 1,   TumCD↑, 1,   YAP/TEAD↓, 1,  

Kinase & Signal Transduction ⓘ

p70S6↓, 1,  

Transcription & Epigenetics ⓘ

DLEU1↓, 1,   other↓, 1,   other↑, 1,   other↝, 1,   tumCV↓, 7,  

Protein Folding & ER Stress ⓘ

CHOP↑, 4,   eIF2α↓, 1,   eIF2α↑, 3,   p‑eIF2α↑, 2,   ER Stress↑, 3,   GRP78/BiP↑, 1,   HSP70/HSPA5↑, 1,   IRE1↑, 1,   PERK↑, 3,  

Autophagy & Lysosomes ⓘ

Beclin-1↑, 1,   LC3B↑, 1,   LC3B-II↑, 1,   LC3I↑, 1,   p62↑, 1,   TumAuto↑, 4,  

DNA Damage & Repair ⓘ

DFF45↓, 1,   DNAdam↑, 4,   DNMT1↓, 2,   P53↑, 7,   PARP↑, 1,   cl‑PARP↑, 7,  

Cell Cycle & Senescence ⓘ

CDK2↓, 1,   CDK4↓, 2,   cycD1/CCND1↓, 5,   cycE/CCNE↓, 2,   P21↓, 1,   P21↑, 2,   TumCCA↓, 1,   TumCCA↑, 11,  

Proliferation, Differentiation & Cell State ⓘ

4E-BP1↓, 1,   Diff↑, 2,   EMT↓, 3,   ERK↓, 4,   ERK↑, 1,   p‑ERK↓, 2,   p‑ERK↑, 2,   FLT3↓, 1,   FOXO3↑, 1,   GSK‐3β↑, 1,   GTPBP4↓, 1,   HDAC1↓, 1,   IGF-1↓, 1,   p‑IGF-1↓, 1,   mTOR↓, 6,   mTOR↑, 1,   PI3K↓, 8,   PTEN↑, 2,   Src↓, 2,   Src↑, 1,   p‑STAT3↓, 2,   TumCG↓, 10,  

Migration ⓘ

Ca+2↓, 1,   Ca+2↑, 3,   mt-Ca+2↑, 1,   CD11b↑, 1,   E-cadherin↑, 2,   FAK↓, 2,   ITGB1↓, 1,   miR-155↓, 1,   MMP13↓, 2,   MMP2↓, 2,   MMP3↓, 1,   MMP7↓, 2,   MMP9↓, 4,   MMPs↓, 1,   N-cadherin↓, 1,   PAK1↓, 1,   RIP3↓, 1,   RIP3↑, 5,   Snail↓, 1,   TGF-β↓, 2,   TIMP1↑, 1,   TumCA↓, 1,   TumCI↓, 12,   TumCMig↓, 13,   TumCP↓, 19,   TumMeta↓, 1,   uPA↓, 1,   VCAM-1↓, 1,   Vim↓, 1,   β-catenin/ZEB1↓, 1,  

Angiogenesis & Vasculature ⓘ

angioG↓, 1,   ATF4↓, 1,   ATF4↑, 2,   EGFR↓, 5,   EGR1↑, 1,   Hif1a↓, 6,   Hif1a↑, 1,   KDR/FLK-1↓, 1,   TAMS↝, 1,   VEGF↓, 2,   VM↓, 1,  

Barriers & Transport ⓘ

GLUT1↓, 6,   GLUT1∅, 1,   GLUT3↓, 1,   GLUT3∅, 1,  

Immune & Inflammatory Signaling ⓘ

CD14↑, 1,   COX2↓, 3,   HMGB1↓, 1,   IFN-γ↓, 1,   IKKα↓, 1,   IL1β↓, 2,   IL6↓, 3,   JAK1?, 1,   p‑JAK1↓, 1,   p‑JAK2↓, 1,   NF-kB↓, 9,   NK cell↑, 1,   p65↓, 1,   PD-L1↓, 1,   TLR2↓, 1,   TNF-α↓, 2,  

Cellular Microenvironment ⓘ

ADAM17↓, 1,   pH↝, 1,  

Hormonal & Nuclear Receptors ⓘ

AR↓, 1,   ERα/ESR1↓, 1,  

Drug Metabolism & Resistance ⓘ

BioAv↓, 2,   ChemoSen↑, 7,   Dose↝, 2,   eff↓, 13,   eff↑, 6,   eff⇅, 1,   eff↝, 3,   Half-Life↓, 1,   Half-Life↝, 2,   MDR1↓, 1,   RadioS↑, 1,   selectivity↑, 11,  

Clinical Biomarkers ⓘ

AR↓, 1,   EGFR↓, 5,   ERα/ESR1↓, 1,   Ferritin↓, 1,   GutMicro↑, 1,   IL6↓, 3,   LDH↓, 1,   LDH↝, 1,   LDH∅, 1,   Myc↓, 1,   PD-L1↓, 1,  

Functional Outcomes ⓘ

AntiCan↑, 2,   AntiTum↑, 2,   cardioP↑, 1,   chemoP↑, 1,   OS↑, 3,   QoL↑, 1,   Remission↑, 1,   TumVol↓, 4,   TumW↓, 3,   Weight↑, 1,  
Total Targets: 266

Pathway results for Effect on Normal Cells:


Redox & Oxidative Stress ⓘ

antiOx↑, 4,   Catalase↑, 1,   CYP1A1↑, 1,   Ferroptosis↓, 1,   GCLC↑, 1,   GPx↑, 1,   GPx4↓, 1,   GSH↑, 5,   GSS↑, 1,   HO-1↑, 5,   HO-1↝, 1,   Iron↓, 1,   lipid-P↑, 1,   MDA↓, 2,   MPO↓, 3,   NQO1↑, 2,   NRF2↓, 1,   NRF2↑, 10,   ROS?, 1,   ROS↓, 9,   ROS↑, 1,   SOD↑, 6,   TAC↑, 1,  

Metal & Cofactor Biology ⓘ

NCOA4↝, 1,  

Mitochondria & Bioenergetics ⓘ

MMP↓, 1,  

Core Metabolism/Glycolysis ⓘ

ALAT↓, 3,   AMPK↑, 1,   CYP2C6↑, 1,   CYP3A2↑, 1,   lactateProd↓, 1,   PKM2↓, 3,   SIRT1↓, 1,   SIRT1↑, 1,  

Cell Death ⓘ

AhR↑, 1,   Akt↑, 1,   p‑Akt↑, 1,   Apoptosis↓, 2,   BAX↓, 3,   Bcl-2↑, 3,   Casp1↓, 1,   Casp12↓, 1,   Casp3↓, 1,   Casp3↑, 1,   cl‑Casp3↓, 1,   Ferroptosis↓, 1,   iNOS↓, 2,   JNK↓, 1,   p38↓, 1,   p‑p38↓, 1,  

Transcription & Epigenetics ⓘ

p‑cJun↓, 1,   other↑, 1,  

Protein Folding & ER Stress ⓘ

CHOP↓, 1,   p‑eIF2α↓, 1,   ER Stress↓, 1,   GRP78/BiP↓, 1,  

Proliferation, Differentiation & Cell State ⓘ

EMT↑, 1,   ERK↓, 1,   p‑ERK↓, 1,   Mst1↓, 1,   PI3K↑, 1,   p‑PTEN↓, 1,   STAT3↑, 1,   TumCG↓, 1,  

Migration ⓘ

ARG↑, 1,   CYP2D1↑, 1,   E-sel↓, 1,   TGF-β↑, 1,   VCAM-1↓, 1,  

Angiogenesis & Vasculature ⓘ

Hif1a↓, 1,   NO↓, 1,  

Barriers & Transport ⓘ

NHE3↑, 1,  

Immune & Inflammatory Signaling ⓘ

AIM2↓, 1,   COX2↓, 1,   HMGB1↓, 1,   ICAM-1↓, 1,   IFN-γ↓, 1,   p‑IKKα↓, 1,   IL10↓, 1,   IL10↑, 1,   IL17↓, 2,   IL18↓, 1,   IL1β↓, 4,   IL6↓, 5,   IL8↓, 1,   Inflam?, 1,   Inflam↓, 7,   NF-kB↓, 3,   NF-kB↑, 1,   p‑NF-kB↓, 1,   p‑p50↓, 1,   p‑p65↓, 1,   TNF-α↓, 7,  

Synaptic & Neurotransmission ⓘ

BDNF↑, 1,  

Protein Aggregation ⓘ

NLRP3↓, 1,  

Drug Metabolism & Resistance ⓘ

BioAv↓, 2,   BioAv↑, 2,   CYP1A2↑, 1,   Dose↝, 1,   eff↓, 3,   eff↑, 2,   Half-Life↝, 1,  

Clinical Biomarkers ⓘ

ALAT↓, 3,   AST↓, 3,   BMD↑, 1,   IL6↓, 5,  

Functional Outcomes ⓘ

cardioP↑, 1,   cognitive↑, 2,   hepatoP↑, 3,   motorD↑, 1,   neuroP↑, 5,   RenoP↑, 3,   toxicity↓, 3,   toxicity∅, 2,  

Infection & Microbiome ⓘ

Sepsis↓, 1,  
Total Targets: 114

Query results interpretion may depend on "conditions" listed in the research papers.
Such Conditions may include : 
  -low or high Dose
  -format for product, such as nano of lipid formations
  -different cell line effects
  -synergies with other products 
  -if effect was for normal or cancerous cells

Filter Conditions: Pro/AntiFlg:%  IllCat:%  CanType:%  Cells:%  prod#:150  Target#:%  State#:%  Dir#:%
  wNotes=0  sortOrder:rid,rpid

 

Home Page