| Features: polyphenol | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Polyphenol of many herbs - rosemary, perilla, sage mint and basil. Rosmarinic acid (RA) is predominantly found in a variety of medicinal and culinary herbs, especially those belonging to the Lamiaceae family, including rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis), basil (Ocimum basilicum), sage (Salvia officinalis), thyme (Thymus vulgaris), and mints (Mentha spp.). In addition to the Lamiaceae family, RA is also present in plants from other families, such as Boraginaceae and Apiaceae. -Rosmarinic acid is one of the hydroxycinnamic acids, and was initially isolated and purified from the extract of rosemary, a member of mint family (Lamiaceae) -Its chemical structure allows it to act as a free radical scavenger by donating hydrogen atoms to stabilize ROS and free radicals. RA’s dual nature as both a phenolic acid and a flavonoid-related compound enables it to chelate metal ions and prevent the formation of free radicals, thus interrupting oxidative chain reactions. It can modulate the activity of enzymes involved in OS, such as catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx), underscoring its potential role in preventing oxidative damage at the cellular level. -divided as rosemary extract, carnosic acid, rosmarinic acid? Summary: -Capacity to chelate transition metal ions, particularly ironChelator (Fe2+) and copper (Cu2+) -RA plus Cu(II)-induced oxidative DNA damage, which causes ROS -rosmarinic acid (RA) as a potential inhibitor of MARK4↓ (inhibiting to tumor growth, invasion, and metastasis) activity (IC50 = 6.204 µM) -Note half-life 1.5–2 hours. BioAv water-soluble, rapid absorbtion Pathways: - varying results of ROS up or down in cancer cells. Plus a report of lowering ROS and no effect on Tumor cell viability. However always seems to lower ROS↓ in normal cells. - ROS↑ related: MMP↓(ΔΨm), ER Stress↑, UPR↑, Cyt‑c↑, Caspases↑, DNA damage↑, cl-PARP↑, HSP↓, - No indication of Lowering AntiOxidant defense in Cancer Cells: - Raises AntiOxidant defense in Normal Cells:(and perhaps even in cancer cells) ROS↓, NRF2↑***, SOD↑, GSH↑, Catalase↑, - lowers Inflammation : NF-kB↓, COX2↓, p38↓, Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines : NLRP3↓, IL-1β↓, TNF-α↓, IL-6↓, IL-8↓ - inhibit Growth/Metastases : TumMeta↓, TumCG↓, EMT↓, MMPs↓, MMP2↓, MMP9↓, VEGF↓, ROCK1↓, RhoA↓, NF-κB↓, ERK↓, MARK4↓ - reactivate genes thereby inhibiting cancer cell growth(weak) : HDAC2↓, DNMTs↓weak, P53↑, HSP↓, - cause Cell cycle arrest : TumCCA↑, cyclin D1↓, cyclin E↓, CDK2↓, CDK4↓, - inhibits Migration/Invasion : TumCMig↓, TumCI↓, ERK↓, EMT↓, - inhibits glycolysis /Warburg Effect and ATP depletion : HIF-1α↓??, LDHA↓, PFKs↓, GRP78↑, GlucoseCon↓ - inhibits angiogenesis↓ : VEGF↓, HIF-1α↓, EGFR↓, - inhibits Cancer Stem Cells (few references) : CSC↓, Hh↓, GLi1↓, - Others: PI3K↓, AKT↓, STAT↓, AMPK, ERK↓, JNK, - Synergies: chemo-sensitization, chemoProtective, RadioSensitizer, RadioProtective, Others(review target notes), Neuroprotective, Cognitive, Renoprotection, Hepatoprotective, CardioProtective, - Selectivity: Cancer Cells vs Normal Cells
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| Glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) are a family of phase II detoxification enzymes that play key roles in catalyzing the conjugation of glutathione (GSH) to a wide range of electrophilic compounds. This family includes multiple isoenzymes (e.g., GST-α, GST-μ, GST-π) with tissue-specific expression patterns and overlapping as well as distinct substrate specificities. -GSTs are important for detoxifying potentially harmful compounds, including products of oxidative stress, environmental toxins, and chemotherapeutic agents. -They contribute to the cellular defense mechanism against oxidative damage and help maintain cellular redox balance. -Beyond detoxification, GSTs can modulate cell signaling pathways, potentially affecting cell proliferation, apoptosis, and drug resistance. -GST-π is commonly upregulated in several cancers such as breast, lung, colorectal, and hematologic malignancies. -Elevated expression of specific GST isoenzymes—most notably GST-π—has been associated with a poorer prognosis in several cancer types. This is often linked to resistance to chemo- or radiotherapy, as higher GST activity can lead to more efficient detoxification of these agents, reducing their cytotoxic effects. -In contrast, reduced GST expression in some contexts might indicate a less robust detoxification system, which can correlate with increased sensitivity to oxidative stress and possibly a less aggressive tumor phenotype. |
| 3001- | RosA, | Therapeutic Potential of Rosmarinic Acid: A Comprehensive Review |
| - | Review, | Var, | NA |
Query results interpretion may depend on "conditions" listed in the research papers. Such Conditions may include : -low or high Dose -format for product, such as nano of lipid formations -different cell line effects -synergies with other products -if effect was for normal or cancerous cells
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