condition found tbRes List
RosA, Rosmarinic acid: Click to Expand ⟱
Features: polyphenol
Polyphenol of many herbs - rosemary, perilla, sage mint and basil. Rosmarinic acid (RA) is predominantly found in a variety of medicinal and culinary herbs, especially those belonging to the Lamiaceae family, including rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis), basil (Ocimum basilicum), sage (Salvia officinalis), thyme (Thymus vulgaris), and mints (Mentha spp.). In addition to the Lamiaceae family, RA is also present in plants from other families, such as Boraginaceae and Apiaceae.
-Rosmarinic acid is one of the hydroxycinnamic acids, and was initially isolated and purified from the extract of rosemary, a member of mint family (Lamiaceae)
-Its chemical structure allows it to act as a free radical scavenger by donating hydrogen atoms to stabilize ROS and free radicals.
RA’s dual nature as both a phenolic acid and a flavonoid-related compound enables it to chelate metal ions and prevent the formation of free radicals, thus interrupting oxidative chain reactions. It can modulate the activity of enzymes involved in OS, such as catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx), underscoring its potential role in preventing oxidative damage at the cellular level.
-divided as rosemary extract, carnosic acid, rosmarinic acid?

Summary:
-Capacity to chelate transition metal ions, particularly ironChelator (Fe2+) and copper (Cu2+)
-RA plus Cu(II)-induced oxidative DNA damage, which causes ROS
-rosmarinic acid (RA) as a potential inhibitor of MARK4↓ (inhibiting to tumor growth, invasion, and metastasis) activity (IC50 = 6.204 µM)

-Note half-life 1.5–2 hours.
BioAv water-soluble, rapid absorbtion
Pathways:
- varying results of ROS up or down in cancer cells. Plus a report of lowering ROS and no effect on Tumor cell viability.
However always seems to lower ROS↓ in normal cells.
- ROS↑ related: MMP↓(ΔΨm), ER Stress↑, UPR↑, Cyt‑c↑, Caspases↑, DNA damage↑, cl-PARP↑, HSP↓,
- No indication of Lowering AntiOxidant defense in Cancer Cells:
- Raises AntiOxidant defense in Normal Cells:(and perhaps even in cancer cells) ROS↓, NRF2↑***, SOD↑, GSH↑, Catalase↑,
- lowers Inflammation : NF-kB↓, COX2↓, p38↓, Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines : NLRP3↓, IL-1β↓, TNF-α↓, IL-6↓, IL-8↓
- inhibit Growth/Metastases : TumMeta↓, TumCG↓, EMT↓, MMPs↓, MMP2↓, MMP9↓, VEGF↓, ROCK1↓, RhoA↓, NF-κB↓, ERK↓, MARK4↓
- reactivate genes thereby inhibiting cancer cell growth(weak) : HDAC2↓, DNMTs↓weak, P53↑, HSP↓,
- cause Cell cycle arrest : TumCCA↑, cyclin D1↓, cyclin E↓, CDK2↓, CDK4↓,
- inhibits Migration/Invasion : TumCMig↓, TumCI↓, ERK↓, EMT↓,
- inhibits glycolysis /Warburg Effect and ATP depletion : HIF-1α↓??, LDHA↓, PFKs↓, GRP78↑, GlucoseCon↓
- inhibits angiogenesis↓ : VEGF↓, HIF-1α↓, EGFR↓,
- inhibits Cancer Stem Cells (few references) : CSC↓, Hh↓, GLi1↓,
- Others: PI3K↓, AKT↓, STAT↓, AMPK, ERK↓, JNK,
- Synergies: chemo-sensitization, chemoProtective, RadioSensitizer, RadioProtective, Others(review target notes), Neuroprotective, Cognitive, Renoprotection, Hepatoprotective, CardioProtective,

- Selectivity: Cancer Cells vs Normal Cells


Warburg, Warburg Effect: Click to Expand ⟱
Source:
Type: effect
The Warburg effect is a metabolic phenomenon in which cancer cells preferentially use glycolysis for energy production, even in the presence of oxygen. Targeting the pathways involved in the Warburg effect is a promising strategy for cancer treatment.
The Warburg effect is always accompanied by a hypoxic condition, and activation of HIF-1a contributes to the Warburg effect through coordinated upregulation of glycolysis and downregulation of oxidative phosphorylation.
Warburg effect (GLUT1, LDHA, HK2, and PKM2).
Here are some of the key pathways and potential targets:

Note: use database Filter to find inhibitors: Ex pick target HIF1α, and effect direction ↓

1.Glycolysis Inhibitors:(2-DG, 3-BP)
-HK2 Inhibitors: such as 2-deoxyglucose, can reduce glycolysis
-PFK1 Inhibitors: such as PFK-158, can reduce glycolysis
-PFKFB Inhibitors:
-PKM2 Inhibitors: (Shikonin)
-Can reduce glycolysis
-LDH Inhibitors: (Gossypol, FX11)
-Reducing the conversion of pyruvate to lactate.
-Inhibiting the production of ATP and NADH.
-GLUT1 Inhibitors: (phloretin, WZB117)
-A key transporter involved in glucose uptake.
-GLUT3 Inhibitors:
-PDK1 Inhibitors: (dichloroacetate)
- A key enzyme involved in the regulation of glycolysis.

2.Gluconeogenesis pathway:
-FBP1 Activators: can increase gluconeogenesis
-PEPCK1 Inhibitors: can reduce gluconeogenesis

3.Pentose phosphate pathway:
-G6PD Inhibitors: can reduce the pentose phosphate pathway

4.Mitochondrial metabolism:
-MPC1 Inhibitors: can reduce mitochondrial metabolism and inhibit cancer
-SDH Inhibitors: can reduce mitochondrial metabolism and inhibit cancer cell growth.

5.Hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha (HIF1α) pathway:
-HIF1α inhibitors: (PX-478,Shikonin)
-Reduce expression of glycolytic genes and inhibit cancer cell growth.

6.AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) pathway:
-AMPK activators: (metformin,AICAR,berberine)
-Can increase AMPK activity and inhibit cancer cell growth.

7.mTOR pathway:
-mTOR inhibitors:(rapamycin,everolimus)
-Can reduce mTOR activity and inhibit cancer cell growth.
Scientific Papers found: Click to Expand⟱
3036- RosA,    Anti-Warburg effect of rosmarinic acid via miR-155 in colorectal carcinoma cells
- in-vitro, CRC, HCT8 - in-vitro, CRC, HCT116 - in-vitro, CRC, LS174T
GlucoseCon↓, RA suppressed glucose consumption and lactate generation in colorectal carcinoma cells;
lactateProd↓,
Hif1a↓, RA inhibited the expression of transcription factor hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) that affects the glycolytic pathway.
Inflam↓, RA could not only repress proinflammatory cytokines using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay but it could also suppress microRNAs related to inflammation by real-time PCR
miR-155↓, MiR-155 induces the Warburg effect and is reversed by RA
STAT3↓, RA could inhibit the expression of transcription factor STAT3, and it suppressed the phosphorylation of STAT3
Glycolysis↓, Meanwhile, RA inhibited the expression of transcription factor HIF-1α that affected the glycolytic pathway
IL6↓, RA could significantly regulate miR-155 and in turn alter the IL-6/STAT3 signaling, resulting in the inhibition of inflammation in the tumor micro environment and the eventual anti-Warburg effect
Warburg↓,

3003- RosA,    Comprehensive Insights into Biological Roles of Rosmarinic Acid: Implications in Diabetes, Cancer and Neurodegenerative Diseases
- Review, Var, NA - Review, AD, NA - Review, Park, NA
*Inflam↓, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties and its roles in various life-threatening conditions, such as cancer, neurodegeneration, diabetes,
*antiOx↑,
*neuroP↑,
*IL6↓, diabetic rat model treated with RA, there is an anti-inflammatory activity reported. This activity is achieved through the inhibition of the expression of various proinflammatory factors, including in IL-6, (IL-1β), tumour
*IL1β↓,
*NF-kB↓, inhibiting NF-κB activity and reducing the production of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), nitric oxide (NO), and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in RAW 264.7 cells.
*PGE2↓,
*COX2↓,
*MMP↑, RA inhibits cytotoxicity in tumour patients by maintaining the mitochondrial membrane potential
*memory↑, amyloid β(25–35)-induced AD in rats was treated with RA, which mitigated the impairment of learning and memory disturbance by reducing oxidative stress
*ROS↓,
*Aβ↓, daily consumption of RA diminished the effect of neurotoxicity of Aβ25–35 in mice
*HMGB1↓, SH-SY5Y in vitro and ischaemic diabetic stroke in vivo, and the studies revealed that a 50 mg/kg dose of RA decreased HMGB1 expression
TumCG↓, Rosemary and its extracts have been shown to exhibit potential in inhibiting the growth of cancer cells and the development of tumours in various cancer types, including colon, breast, liver, and stomach cancer
MARK4↓, Another study reported the inhibition of Microtubule affinity regulating kinase 4 (MARK4) by RA
Zeb1↓, Fig 4 BC:
MDM2↓,
BNIP3↑,
ASC↑, Skin Cancer
NLRP3↓,
PI3K↓,
Akt↓,
Casp1↓,
E-cadherin↑, Colon Cancer
STAT3↓,
TLR4↓,
MMP↓,
ICAM-1↓,
AMPK↓,
IL6↑, PC and GC
MMP2↓,
Warburg↓,
Bcl-xL↓, CRC: Apoptosis induction caspases ↑, Bcl-XL ↓, BCL-2 ↓, Induces cell cycle arrest, Inhibition of EMT and invasion, Reduced metastasis
Bcl-2↓,
TumCCA↑,
EMT↓,
TumMeta↓,
mTOR↓, Inhibits mTOR/S6K1 pathway to induce apoptosis in cervical cancer
HSP27↓, Glioma ↓ expression of HSP27 ↑ caspase-3
Casp3↑,
GlucoseCon↓, GC: Inhibited the signs of the Warburg effect, such as high glucose consumption/anaerobic glycolysis, lactate production/cell acidosis, by inhibiting the IL-6/STAT3 pathway
lactateProd↓,
VEGF↓, ↓ angiogenic factors (VEGF) and phosphorylation of p65
p‑p65↓,
GIT1↓, PC: Increased degradation of Gli1
Foxm1↓, inhibiting FOXM1
cycD1↓, RA treatment in CRC cells inhibited proliferation-induced cell cycle arrest of the G0/G1 phase by reducing the cyclin D1 and CDK4 levels,
CDK4↓,
MMP9↓, CRC cells, and it led to a decrease in the expressions of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and MMP-9.
HDAC2↓, PCa cells through the inhibition of HDAC2

1748- RosA,    The Role of Rosmarinic Acid in Cancer Prevention and Therapy: Mechanisms of Antioxidant and Anticancer Activity
- Review, Var, NA
AntiCan↑, RA exhibits significant potential as a natural agent for cancer prevention and treatment
*BioAv↝, Various factors, including its lipophilic nature, stability in the gastrointestinal tract, and interactions with food, can significantly influence its absorption
*CardioT↓, RA attenuated these effects by reducing ROS levels, indicating its potential role as a cardioprotective agent during chemotherapy.
*Iron↓, Another significant mechanism antioxidant activity of RA is its capacity to chelate transition metal ions, particularly iron (Fe2+) and copper (Cu2+), which can catalyze the formation of highly reactive hydroxyl radicals through the Fenton reaction.
*ROS↓, forming stable complexes with Fe2+ and Cu2+, thus inhibiting their pro-oxidant activity.
*SOD↑, SOD, CAT, and GPx, play crucial roles in neutralizing ROS and maintaining cellular redox homeostasis. RA upregulates the expression and activity of these enzymes
*Catalase↑,
*GPx↑,
*NRF2↑, activation of the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) pathway, a primary regulator of the antioxidant response
MARK4↓, Anwar’s study demonstrated that RA inhibited MARK4 activity in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells, resulting in dose-dependent apoptosis
MMP9↓, RA effectively inhibited cancer cell invasion and migration by reducing matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) activity
TumCCA↑, caused cell cycle arrest
Bcl-2↓, RA downregulates Bcl-2 expression and upregulates Bax, thereby promoting apoptosis
BAX↑,
Apoptosis↑,
E-cadherin↑, promoting E-cadherin expression, while downregulating N-cadherin and vimentin
N-cadherin↓,
Vim↓,
Gli1↓, induced apoptosis by downregulating Gli1, a key component of the Hedgehog signaling pathway,
HDAC2↓, RA induced apoptosis by modulating histone deacetylase 2 (HDAC2) expression
Warburg↓, anti-Warburg effect of RA in colorectal carcinoma
Hif1a↓, RA inhibits hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha (HIF-1α) and downregulates miR-155
miR-155↓,
p‑PI3K↑, RA has been shown to upregulate p-PI3K, protecting cells through the PI3K/Akt pathway,
ROS↑, RA, induces significant ROS generation in A549 cells, which triggers both apoptosis and autophagy.
*IronCh↑, RA’s dual nature as both a phenolic acid and a flavonoid-related compound enables it to chelate metal ions and prevent the formation of free radicals,

3001- RosA,    Therapeutic Potential of Rosmarinic Acid: A Comprehensive Review
- Review, Var, NA
TumCP↓, including in tumor cell proliferation, apoptosis, metastasis, and inflammation
Apoptosis↑,
TumMeta↓,
Inflam↓,
*antiOx↑, RA is therefore considered to be the strongest antioxidant of all hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives
*AntiAge↑, , it also exerts powerful antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and even antidepressant, anti-aging effects
*ROS↓, RA and its metabolites can directly neutralize reactive oxygen species (ROS) [10] and thereby reduce the formation of oxidative damage products.
BioAv↑, RA is water-soluble, and according to literature data, the efficacy of secretion of this compound in infusions is about 90%
Dose↝, Accordingly, it is possible to consume approximately 110 mg RA daily, i.e., approximately 1.6 mg/kg for adult men weighing 70 kg.
NRF2↑, liver cancer cell line, HepG2, transfected with plasmid containing ARE-luciferin gene, RA predominantly enhances ARE-luciferin activity and promotes nuclear factor E2-related factor-2 (Nrf2) translocation from cytoplasm to the nucleus
P-gp↑, and also increases MRP2 and P-gp efflux activity along with intercellular ATP level
ATP↑,
MMPs↓, RA concurrently induced necrosis and apoptosis and stimulated MMP dysfunction activated PARP-cleavage and caspase-independent apoptosis.
cl‑PARP↓,
Hif1a↓, inhibits transcription factor hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) expression
GlucoseCon↓, it also suppressed glucose consumption and lactate production in colorectal cells
lactateProd↓,
Warburg↓, may suppress the Warburg effects through an inflammatory pathway involving activator of transcription-3 (STAT3) and signal transducer of interleukin (IL)-6
TNF-α↓, RA supplementation also reduced tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and IL-6 levels, and modulated p65 expression [
COX2↓,
IL6↓,
HDAC2↓, RA induced the cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in prostate cancer cell lines (PCa, PC-3, and DU145) [31]. These effects were mediated through modulation of histone deacetylases expression (HDACs), specifically HDAC2;
GSH↑, RA can also inhibit adhesion, invasion, and migration of Ls 174-T human colon carcinoma cells through enhancing GSH levels and decreasing ROS levels
ROS↓,
ChemoSen↑, RA also enhances chemosensitivity of human resistant gastric carcinoma SGC7901 cells
*BG↓, RA significantly increased insulin index sensitivity and reduced blood glucose, advanced glycation end-products, HbA1c, IL-1β, TNFα, IL-6, p-JNK, P38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), and NF-κB levels
*IL1β↓,
*TNF-α↓,
*IL6↓,
*p‑JNK↓,
*p38↓,
*Catalase↑, The reduced activities of CAT, SOD, glutathione S-transferases (GST), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and the reduced levels of vitamins C and E, ceruloplasmin, and GSH in plasma of diabetic rats were also significantly recovered by RA application
*SOD↑,
*GSTs↑,
*VitC↑,
*VitE↑,
*GSH↑,
*GutMicro↑, protective effects of RA (30 mg/kg) against hypoglycemia, hyperlipidemia, oxidative stress, and an imbalanced gut microbiota architecture was studied in diabetic rats.
*cardioP↑, Cardioprotective Activity: RA also reduced fasting serum levels of vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1), inter-cellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1), plasminogen-activator-inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), and increased GPX and SOD levels
*ROS↓, Finally, in H9c2 cardiac muscle cells, RA inhibited apoptosis by decreasing intracellular ROS generation and recovering mitochondria membrane potential
*MMP↓,
*lipid-P↓, At once, RA suppresses lipid peroxidation (LPO) and ROS generation, whereas in HSC-T6 cells it increases cellular GSH.
*NRF2↑, Additionally, it significantly increases Nrf2 translocation
*hepatoP↑, Hepatoprotective Activity
*neuroP↑, Nephroprotective Activity
*P450↑, RA also reduced CP-produced oxidative stress and amplified cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1), HO-1, and renal-4-hydroxynonenal expression.
*HO-1↑,
*AntiAge↑, Anti-Aging Activity
*motorD↓, A significantly delays motor neuron dysfunction in paw grip endurance tests,

3006- RosA,    Rosmarinic acid attenuates glioblastoma cells and spheroids’ growth and EMT/stem-like state by PTEN/PI3K/AKT downregulation and ERK-induced apoptosis
- in-vitro, GBM, U87MG - in-vitro, GBM, LN229
TumCG↓, Rosmarinic acid (RA) reduced the glioma growth and motility in 2D- and 3D-cultures
EMT↓, RA suppressed epithelial-mesenchymal transition and stem-cell property in spheroids.
SIRT1↓, RA downregulated SIRT1/FOXO1/NF-κB axis independently of p53 or PTEN function.
FOXO1↓,
NF-kB↓,
angioG↓, RA dose-dependently reduced angiogenesis and intracellular ROS levels, suppressed glioma growth,
ROS↓,
PTEN↓, RA also inhibited the PTEN/PI3K/AKT pathway in U-87MG cells.
PI3K↓,
Akt↓,
*Inflam↓, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, cardioprotective, hepatoprotective, neuroprotective, antidiabetic, and especially anticancer effects (
*cardioP↑,
*hepatoP↑,
*neuroP↑,
Warburg↓, suppresses Warburg effect


* indicates research on normal cells as opposed to diseased cells
Total Research Paper Matches: 5

Results for Effect on Cancer/Diseased Cells:
Akt↓,2,   AMPK↓,1,   angioG↓,1,   AntiCan↑,1,   Apoptosis↑,2,   ASC↑,1,   ATP↑,1,   BAX↑,1,   Bcl-2↓,2,   Bcl-xL↓,1,   BioAv↑,1,   BNIP3↑,1,   Casp1↓,1,   Casp3↑,1,   CDK4↓,1,   ChemoSen↑,1,   COX2↓,1,   cycD1↓,1,   Dose↝,1,   E-cadherin↑,2,   EMT↓,2,   Foxm1↓,1,   FOXO1↓,1,   GIT1↓,1,   Gli1↓,1,   GlucoseCon↓,3,   Glycolysis↓,1,   GSH↑,1,   HDAC2↓,3,   Hif1a↓,3,   HSP27↓,1,   ICAM-1↓,1,   IL6↓,2,   IL6↑,1,   Inflam↓,2,   lactateProd↓,3,   MARK4↓,2,   MDM2↓,1,   miR-155↓,2,   MMP↓,1,   MMP2↓,1,   MMP9↓,2,   MMPs↓,1,   mTOR↓,1,   N-cadherin↓,1,   NF-kB↓,1,   NLRP3↓,1,   NRF2↑,1,   P-gp↑,1,   p‑p65↓,1,   cl‑PARP↓,1,   PI3K↓,2,   p‑PI3K↑,1,   PTEN↓,1,   ROS↓,2,   ROS↑,1,   SIRT1↓,1,   STAT3↓,2,   TLR4↓,1,   TNF-α↓,1,   TumCCA↑,2,   TumCG↓,2,   TumCP↓,1,   TumMeta↓,2,   VEGF↓,1,   Vim↓,1,   Warburg↓,5,   Zeb1↓,1,  
Total Targets: 68

Results for Effect on Normal Cells:
AntiAge↑,2,   antiOx↑,2,   Aβ↓,1,   BG↓,1,   BioAv↝,1,   cardioP↑,2,   CardioT↓,1,   Catalase↑,2,   COX2↓,1,   GPx↑,1,   GSH↑,1,   GSTs↑,1,   GutMicro↑,1,   hepatoP↑,2,   HMGB1↓,1,   HO-1↑,1,   IL1β↓,2,   IL6↓,2,   Inflam↓,2,   Iron↓,1,   IronCh↑,1,   p‑JNK↓,1,   lipid-P↓,1,   memory↑,1,   MMP↓,1,   MMP↑,1,   motorD↓,1,   neuroP↑,3,   NF-kB↓,1,   NRF2↑,2,   p38↓,1,   P450↑,1,   PGE2↓,1,   ROS↓,4,   SOD↑,2,   TNF-α↓,1,   VitC↑,1,   VitE↑,1,  
Total Targets: 38

Scientific Paper Hit Count for: Warburg, Warburg Effect
5 Rosmarinic acid
Filter Conditions: Pro/AntiFlg:%  IllCat:%  CanType:%  Cells:%  prod#:142  Target#:947  State#:%  Dir#:%
  wNotes=on  sortOrder:rid,rpid

 

Home Page