Magnetic Fields / Akt Cancer Research Results

MF, Magnetic Fields: Click to Expand ⟱
Features: Therapy

Magnetic Fields — externally applied static or time-varying magnetic fields used to alter cellular signaling, redox state, ion handling, membrane behavior, metabolism, or neural activity without introducing a chemical agent. They are a physical therapeutic modality and include static magnetic fields (SMF), extremely-low-frequency magnetic fields (ELF-MF), pulsed electromagnetic fields (PEMF), and other non-rotating oscillating/time-varying magnetic fields. Common abbreviations include MF, SMF, ELF-MF, EMF, and PEMF. Biological effects are strongly dependent on field strength, frequency, waveform, gradient, duty cycle, exposure duration, and tissue or cell type. Rotating magnetic fields are excluded here because they are represented separately as pid 192; magnetic-nanoparticle-dependent magnetothermal or magnetomechanical effects are also better assigned primarily to the magnetic nanoparticle product.

Primary mechanisms (ranked):

  1. Redox modulation and ROS perturbation, including radical-pair and mitochondrial mechanisms; cancer cells may develop sustained oxidative stress whereas normal cells frequently show adaptive antioxidant responses.
  2. Ca²⁺ and ion-channel modulation, particularly TRPC, voltage-gated channels, intracellular Ca²⁺ handling, and ER–mitochondrial Ca²⁺ communication.
  3. Mitochondrial and bioenergetic modulation, including membrane potential, electron transport, ATP production, mitochondrial permeability, and metabolic reprogramming.
  4. Cell proliferation, cell-cycle, apoptosis, and senescence signaling through pathways including EGFR/PI3K/AKT/mTOR, MAPK/ERK, caspases, PARP, Bax and survivin.
  5. Membrane permeability and drug-uptake modulation, producing context-dependent chemosensitization to agents including doxorubicin, etoposide and methotrexate.
  6. Inflammatory and stress-response modulation including NF-κB, cytokine signaling, HSPs, ER stress and adaptive antioxidant pathways.
  7. Migration, invasion, angiogenesis and tumor-microenvironment modulation; effects are field-parameter and tumor-model dependent.

Bioavailability / PK relevance: Conventional pharmacokinetic concepts do not apply because the intervention is a physical field rather than an absorbed drug. Relevant exposure variables are magnetic flux density, field gradient, frequency, waveform, pulse width, repetition rate, duty cycle, spatial distribution, treatment duration and tissue depth. Magnetic fields can penetrate tissue without the concentration gradients characteristic of drugs, but induced electric fields and biological coupling vary markedly with geometry and frequency.

In-vitro vs systemic exposure relevance: Effects are not concentration-driven. Many experimental results cannot be generalized between devices because apparently small differences in waveform, frequency, flux density, orientation, gradient and exposure duration can change the biological response. Static fields ranging from millitesla to tesla and PEMF/ELF protocols ranging from weak fields to substantially stronger stimulation should therefore be treated as distinct exposure regimens rather than as a single dose-response continuum.

Clinical evidence status: Cancer treatment remains predominantly preclinical, with cell-culture and animal evidence plus limited supportive or adjunctive human use. Evidence supports parameter-dependent anticancer effects and chemosensitization, but non-rotating magnetic-field exposure alone is not an established standard anticancer therapy. PEMF has established clinical use in several musculoskeletal applications and has been studied as supportive therapy in oncology. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation has substantially stronger human evidence in neurological and psychiatric applications, including investigational use in Alzheimer’s disease, but should not be interpreted as evidence that generic magnetic-field exposure is an established systemic cancer treatment.

Magnetic Fields can be Static, or pulsed. The most common therapy is a pulsed magnetic field in the uT or mT range.
The main pathways affected are:
Calcium Signaling: -influence the activity of voltage-gated calcium channels.
Oxidative Stress and Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) Pathways
Heat Shock Proteins (HSPs) and Cellular Stress Responses
Cell Proliferation and Growth Signaling: MAPK/ERK pathway.
Gene Expression and Epigenetic Modifications: NF-κB
Angiogenesis Pathways: VEGF (improving VEGF for normal cells)
PEMF was found to have a 2-fold increase in drug uptake compared to traditional electrochemotherapy in rat melanoma models

Pathways:
- most reports have ROS production increasing in cancer cells , while decreasing in normal cells.
- ROS↑ related: MMP↓(ΔΨm), ER Stress↑, UPR↑, GRP78↑, Ca+2↑, Cyt‑c↑, Caspases↑, DNA damage↑, cl-PARP↑, HSP↓, Prx,
- Raises AntiOxidant defense in Normal Cells: ROS↓, NRF2↑, SOD↑, GSH↑, Catalase↑,
- lowers Inflammation : NF-kB↓, COX2↓, Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines : NLRP3↓, IL-1β↓, TNF-α↓, IL-6↓, IL-8↓
- inhibit Growth/Metastases : TumMeta↓, TumCG↓, VEGF↓(mostly regulated up in normal cells),
- cause Cell cycle arrest : TumCCA↑,
- inhibits Migration/Invasion : TumCMig↓, TumCI↓, TNF-α↓,
- inhibits glycolysis /Warburg Effect and ATP depletion : HIF-1α↓, PKM2↓, GLUT1↓, LDH↓, HK2↓, PFKs↓, PDKs↓, ECAR↓, OXPHOS↓, GRP78↑, Glucose↓, GlucoseCon↓
- inhibits angiogenesis↓ : VEGF↓, HIF-1α↓, Notch↓, FGF↓, PDGF↓, EGFR↓, Integrins↓,
- Others: PI3K↓, AKT↓, STAT↓, Wnt↓, β-catenin↓, ERK↓, JNK, - SREBP (related to cholesterol).
- Synergies: chemo-sensitization, chemoProtective, cytoProtective, RadioSensitizer, RadioProtective, Others(review target notes), Neuroprotective, Hepatoprotective, CardioProtective,

- Selectivity: Cancer Cells vs Normal Cells

Magnetic Field Mechanisms in Cancer

Rank Pathway / Axis Cancer Cells Normal Cells TSF Primary Effect Notes / Interpretation
1 ROS and redox homeostasis ↑ ROS (context-dependent); ↑ oxidative stress ↑ transient ROS followed by ↔ or ↓ ROS in adaptive protocols P, R, G Redox perturbation One of the most recurrent MF mechanisms. Direction is strongly field- and cell-dependent; sustained ROS elevation is reported in several cancer models and during chemotherapy sensitization.
2 Ca²⁺ and ion-channel signaling ↑ Ca²⁺ signaling or dysregulation; altered TRPC and voltage-sensitive channel activity ↑ transient signaling with homeostatic recovery (context-dependent) P, R Electrophysiological signal transduction Ca²⁺ is a major mechanistic bridge between membrane sensing, mitochondria, ROS, proliferation and apoptosis. Response depends strongly on waveform and frequency.
3 Mitochondrial function and membrane potential ↓ ΔΨm; altered respiration; ↑ mitochondrial stress ↔ or reversible modulation (context-dependent) P, R, G Bioenergetic destabilization Mitochondrial effects can arise downstream of ROS and Ca²⁺ signaling and contribute to apoptotic commitment.
4 Apoptosis and caspase signaling ↑ apoptosis; ↑ caspases; ↑ PARP cleavage; ↑ Bax; ↓ survivin ↔ or substantially weaker response in selective protocols R, G Programmed cell death Reported with several PEMF and time-varying field protocols and can be amplified when combined with chemotherapy.
5 EGFR PI3K AKT mTOR signaling ↓ EGFR/AKT/mTOR signaling (model-dependent) ↔ or mixed R, G Growth-signal suppression Particularly supported in static-field experiments; response varies with cell type, cell density and field intensity.
6 Cell cycle and proliferation ↓ proliferation; ↑ cell-cycle arrest or mitotic disruption ↔ or mixed G Growth suppression Effects are highly protocol-specific. Some exposures are neutral or can stimulate proliferation, so suppression should not be treated as universal.
7 DNA damage and DNA-damage response ↑ DNA damage; ↑ ATM/p53/p21 signaling (context-dependent) ↔ or mixed; protective responses reported with some protocols R, G Genotoxic stress and repair modulation Often secondary to ROS and particularly evident during combination treatment with chemotherapy or radiation. Magnetic fields alone are not consistently genotoxic, and some static-field protocols can reduce radiation-associated DNA damage.
8 Chemosensitization and drug uptake ↑ chemotherapy response; ↑ drug uptake or cytotoxicity ↔ or ↑ toxicity (drug-dependent) R, G Adjunctive anticancer effect Documented with doxorubicin, etoposide and other agents. Selectivity is not guaranteed; normal-cell toxicity must be evaluated for each field-drug combination.
9 Glutathione and antioxidant buffering ↓ GSH reserve or altered GSH/GSSG balance (context-dependent) ↑ GSH or antioxidant adaptation in some protocols R, G Redox buffering modulation GSH depletion is best interpreted as a consequence of oxidative load rather than a universal direct MF target.
10 NRF2 antioxidant response ↔ / mixed; inadequate adaptive response in some oxidative protocols ↑ NRF2 and antioxidant-response signaling in some protective protocols R, G Adaptive antioxidant defense NRF2 direction is not uniform enough to classify MF globally as either an NRF2 activator or inhibitor.
11 ER stress and unfolded protein response ↑ ER stress and UPR (model-dependent) ↑ adaptive stress response or ↔ R, G Proteostasis stress Can develop secondary to ROS, altered Ca²⁺ handling and mitochondrial dysfunction.
12 Mitochondrial permeability transition ↑ MPTP opening propensity ↔ or reversible opening R Mitochondrial death commitment Supported mechanistically for specific ELF-MF exposures through ROS-sensitive pathways; should not be generalized to all magnetic fields.
13 Glycolysis and cellular energetics ↓ glycolytic flux or altered ATP production (model-dependent) ↔ or metabolic adaptation R, G Metabolic reprogramming Some frequency-tuned exposures suppress glycolysis, but this is substantially less universal than ROS or Ca²⁺ modulation.
14 HIF-1α and angiogenic signaling ↓ HIF-1α / VEGF in selected models ↑ VEGF or tissue-repair signaling in some regenerative protocols G Angiogenesis modulation Potential cancer-versus-normal-tissue divergence is attractive but remains highly exposure- and model-specific.
15 NF-κB and inflammatory signaling ↓ NF-κB and inflammatory signaling in selected models ↓ inflammatory cytokines in many regenerative PEMF applications R, G Inflammation modulation Better established as an anti-inflammatory/regenerative PEMF effect than as a universal cancer-cell mechanism.
16 Migration invasion and angiogenesis ↓ migration; ↓ invasion; ↓ angiogenic signaling in selected models ↔ or pro-repair angiogenesis (context-dependent) G Metastatic phenotype modulation Direction varies substantially with field protocol and normal-versus-tumor context.
17 Radiosensitization ↑ radiation-induced ROS and DNA damage in selected protocols Mixed; radioprotection has also been reported with other protocols R, G Modification of radiation response Both radiosensitizing and radioprotective responses have been reported; field parameters and tissue context determine direction.
18 Clinical Translation Constraint Field-specific response; substantial tumor heterogeneity Potential tissue-specific physiological effects G Translation limitation No pharmacokinetic dose metric exists. Field strength, frequency, waveform, geometry, gradients, duration and induced electric fields must be specified. Most anticancer evidence remains preclinical and protocols are poorly standardized.

P: 0–30 min     R: 30 min–3 hr     G: >3 hr

MPTP: opening represents a mitochondrial commitment event integrating ROS and Ca²⁺ stress; sustained opening indicates irreversible bioenergetic failure.




Alzheimer’s disease relevance: Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is a non-invasive magnetic neuromodulation modality with randomized human evidence for modest improvement in global cognition in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer’s disease. The strongest recent evidence supports excitatory stimulation of cortical cognitive-network regions, particularly the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. The mechanism is principally neural-network and synaptic modulation rather than the systemic ROS-based mechanism often discussed for low-intensity PEMF. Meta-analyses generally report cognitive benefit, but protocol heterogeneity, small trials and uncertain durability remain important limitations. rTMS should therefore be classified as investigational or adjunctive for AD rather than an established disease-modifying treatment.

Clinical evidence status: Multiple RCTs and meta-analyses support a modest short-term cognitive signal. Longer-term benefit remains less certain, optimal frequency/intensity/site protocols are not standardized, and evidence does not establish prevention or reversal of Alzheimer pathology.

Magnetic Stimulation in Alzheimer’s Disease

Rank Pathway / Axis Modulation TSF Primary Effect Notes / Interpretation
1 Cortical network excitability ↑ P, R Neuromodulation High-frequency rTMS and excitatory stimulation of cortical network hubs can increase cortical responsiveness.
2 Synaptic plasticity ↑ R, G Plasticity enhancement Repeated stimulation can produce LTP-like network effects and is a leading explanation for persistence beyond the stimulation session.
3 Cognitive-network connectivity ↑ G Network normalization DLPFC and related cortical networks are the most consistently studied targets.
4 Global cognition ↑ G Clinical cognitive improvement Recent meta-analyses show modest improvement in MMSE, MoCA or ADAS-Cog outcomes, although heterogeneity remains substantial.
5 Neuroinflammation and neurotrophic signaling ↓ inflammation; ↑ neurotrophic signaling (context-dependent) G Secondary neurobiological effects Supported mainly by mechanistic and preclinical studies; less directly established than cortical-network effects in human AD.
6 Clinical Translation Constraint ↔ G Protocol heterogeneity Optimal stimulation site, frequency, intensity, pulse count, session number and maintenance schedule remain unresolved; long-term disease modification has not been demonstrated.

P: 0–30 min     R: 30 min–3 hr     G: >3 hr
Akt, PKB-Protein kinase B: Click to Expand ⟱
Source: HalifaxProj(inhibit)
Type:
Akt1 is involved in cellular survival pathways, by inhibiting apoptotic processes; Akt2 is an important signaling molecule in the insulin signaling pathway. It is required to induce glucose transport.

Inhibitors:
-Curcumin: downregulate AKT phosphorylation and signaling.
-Resveratrol
-Quercetin: inhibit the PI3K/AKT pathway.
-Epigallocatechin Gallate (EGCG)
-Luteolin and Apigenin: inhibit AKT phosphorylation


Scientific Papers found: Click to Expand⟱
2018- CAP,  MF,    Capsaicin: Effects on the Pathogenesis of Hepatocellular Carcinoma
- Review, HCC, NA
TRPV1↑, Capsaicin is an agonist for transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 1 (TRPV1)
eff↑, It is noteworthy that capsaicin binding to the TRPV1 receptor may be increased using a static magnetic field (SMF), thus enhancing the anti-cancer effect of capsaicin on HepG2 (human hepatoblastoma cell line) cells through caspase-3 apoptosis
Akt↓, capsaicin can regulate autophagy by inhibiting the Akt/mTOR
mTOR↓,
p‑STAT3↑, Capsaicin can upregulate the activity of the signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (p-STAT3)
MMP2↑, increase of the expression of MMP-2
ER Stress↑, capsaicin may induce apoptosis through endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress
Ca+2↑, and the subsequent ER release of Ca2+
ROS↑, Capsaicin-induced ROS generation
selectivity↑, On the other hand, an excess of capsaicin is cytotoxic on HepG2 cells, and normal hepatocytes to a smaller extent, by collapse of the mitochondrial membrane potential with ROS formation
MMP↓,
eff↑, combination of capsaicin and sorafenib demonstrated significant anticarcinogenic properties on LM3 HCC cells, restricting tumor cell growth

3464- MF,    Progressive Study on the Non-thermal Effects of Magnetic Field Therapy in Oncology
- Review, Var, NA
AntiTum↑, frequency below 300 Hz) exert anti-tumor function, independent of thermal effects
TumCG↓, Magnetic fields (MFs) could inhibit cell growth and proliferation; induce cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, autophagy, and differentiation; regulate the immune system; and suppress angiogenesis and metastasis via various signaling pathways
TumCCA↑,
Apoptosis↑,
TumAuto↑,
Diff↑,
angioG↓,
TumMeta↓,
EPR↑, MFs not only promote the absorption of chemotherapy drugs by producing small holes on the surface of cell membrane
ChemoSen↑,
ROS↑, MF treatment has been shown to promote the generation of ROS in many studies (31, 71, 72), with exposure within a 60 Hz sinusoidal MF for 48 h in induced human prostate cancer for DU145, PC3, and LNCaP apoptoses
DNAdam↑, Repetitive exposure to LF-MFs induced DNA damage and accumulation of DSBs and triggered apoptosis in Hela and MCF7 cell lines
P53↑, PMFs could trigger apoptosis cell death by upregulating the p53 level and through the mitochondrial-dependent pathway
Akt↓, LF-MFs (300 mT, 6 Hz, 24 h) also induced apoptosis by suppressing protein kinase B (Akt) signaling, activating p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling, and caspase-9, which is the executor of the mitochondrial apoptosis pathway
MAPK↑,
Casp9↑,
VEGFR2/KDR/Flk1↓, reducing the expression and activation levels of VEGFR2
P-gp/ABCB1↓, A combination with the SMF (8.8 m T, 12 h) decreased the expression of P-glycoprotein (P-gp) in K562 cancer cells, while adriamycin itself induced an increase

3480- MF,    Cellular and Molecular Effects of Magnetic Fields
- Review, NA, NA
ROS↑, 50 Hz, 1 mT for 24/48/72 h SH-SY5Y (neuroblastoma Significantly increased ROS levels
*Ca+2↑, There is experimental proof that extremely low-frequency (ELF-MF) magnetic fields interact with Ca2+ channels, leading to increased Ca2+ efflux
*Inflam↓, PEMF stimulates the anti-inflammatory response of mesenchymal stem cells.
*Akt↓, nasopharyngeal carcinoma cell line. Potentially, these alterations were caused by inhibition of the Akt/mTOR signaling pathway
*mTOR↓,
selectivity↑, Ashdown and colleagues observed disruptions in the human lung cancer cell line after PMF (20 mT) exposure; in comparison, normal cells were insensitive to PMF
*memory↑, Ahmed and colleagues proved that PMF has an impact on the hippocampus, the brain region responsible for spatial orientation and memory acquisition.
*MMPs↑, In wound closure, epithelial cells, connective tissue cells, and immune cells, which promote collagen production, matrix metalloproteinase activity, growth factor release (e.g., VEGF, FGF, PDGF, TNF, HGF, and IL-1), and inflammatory environment pro
*VEGF↑,
*FGF↑,
*PDGF↑,
*TNF-α↑,
*HGF/c-Met↑,
*IL1↑,

2243- MF,    Pulsed electromagnetic fields increase osteogenetic commitment of MSCs via the mTOR pathway in TNF-α mediated inflammatory conditions: an in-vitro study
- in-vitro, Nor, NA
*eff↑, PEMF exposure increased cell proliferation and adhesion
*mTOR↑, PEMFs contribute to activation of the mTOR pathway via upregulation of the proteins AKT, MAPP kinase, and RRAGA, suggesting that activation of the mTOR pathway is required for PEMF-stimulated osteogenic differentiation.
*Akt↑,
*PKA↑, PEMFs increase the activity of certain kinases belonging to known intracellular signaling pathways, such as the protein kinase A (PKA) and the MAPK ERK1/2
*MAPK↑,
*ERK↑,
*BMP2↑, PEMFs stimulation also upregulates BMP2 expression in association with increased differentiation in mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs
*Diff↑,
*PKCδ↓, Decrease in PKC protein (involved on Adipogenesis)
*VEGF↑, Increase on VEGF (involved on angiogenesis)
*IL10↑, PEMF induced a significant increase of in vitro expression of IL-10 (that exerts anti-inflammatory activity)

496- MF,    Low-Frequency Magnetic Fields (LF-MFs) Inhibit Proliferation by Triggering Apoptosis and Altering Cell Cycle Distribution in Breast Cancer Cells
- in-vitro, BC, MCF7 - in-vitro, BC, ZR-75-1 - in-vitro, BC, T47D - in-vitro, BC, MDA-MB-231
ROS↑, LF-MFs Enhanced the ROS Levels in MCF-7 and ZR75-1 Cells
PI3K↓, and inhibited the activities of the PI3K/AKT signaling pathways in MCF-7 and ZR-75-1 cells
Akt↓,
GSK‐3β↑, LF-MF Induced MCF-7 and ZR75-1 Cells Apoptosis by Activating GSK-3β
Apoptosis↑, LF-MF Induced Breast Cancer Cell Apoptosis
cl‑PARP↑, cleaved PARP-1
cl‑Casp3↑,
BAX↑,
Bcl-2↓,
CycB/CCNB1↓, Cyclin B1
TumCCA↑, failure of the transition from the G2 phase to M phase
p‑Akt↓,
TumCP↓, LF-MF Inhibited the Proliferation of Breast Cancer Cells
selectivity↑, The viabilities of HUVECs did not markedly reduce after exposure in LF-MF at the four selected frequencies for 6, 12, 24 or 36 h
eff↓, attenuated by ROS scavenger NAC

486- MF,    mTOR Activation by PI3K/Akt and ERK Signaling in Short ELF-EMF Exposed Human Keratinocytes
- in-vitro, Nor, HaCaT
*mTOR↑,
*PI3K↑, HaCaT cells exposed for 1h to 50Hz/1mT showed an increased percentage of cells in the S phase, through a significantly activation of the PI3K, JNK and ERK pathways
*Akt↑,
*p‑ERK↑,
*other↑, increases in the percentage of cells in the S phase and decrease in the percentage of cells in G0/G1 phase
*p‑JNK↑,
*p‑P70S6K↑,

194- MF,    Electromagnetic Field as a Treatment for Cerebral Ischemic Stroke
- Review, Stroke, NA
*BAD↓,
*BAX↓,
*Casp3↓,
*Bcl-xL↑,
*p‑Akt↑,
*MMP9↓, EMF significantly decreased levels of IL-1β and MMP9 in the peri-infarct area at 24 h and 3rd day of the experiment
*p‑ERK↑, ERK1/2
*HIF-1↓,
*ROS↓, n a similar experiment, ELF-MF (50 Hz/1 mT) increased cell viability and decreased intracellular ROS/RNS in mesenchymal stem cells submitted to OGD conditions and 3 h ELF-MF exposure
*VEGF↑,
*Ca+2↓,
*SOD↑,
*IL2↑,
*p38↑,
*HSP70/HSPA5↑,
*Apoptosis↓, PEMF decreased apoptosis
*ROS↓, Nevertheless, in the presence of ischemia, EMF decreased NO and ROS concentrations.
*NO↓,

8486- MF,    Silent forces, hidden currents: the influence of static magnetic field stimulation on tumor biophysics
- Review, Var, NA
Ca+2↑, biochemical targets, including collagen fibril alignment, cell membrane potential and integrity, DNA integrity, Ca2+ dynamics, cytoskeletal organization, and redox balance
TumCG↓, figure 2
MMP↓,
CellMemb↑,
SOX2↓,
Nanog↓,
cMyc↓,
CD44↓,
CD133↓,
P53↑,
ROS↑, ROS generated from Fenton chemistry
DNAdam↑,
CDK1↓,
CycB/CCNB1↓,
TumCCA↑,
TumCP↓,
pH↓, Increased SMF also caused depolarization and pH decline (altering the electrochemical gradient).
TumCP↓, Proliferation rate decreased by 1-fold at 20 mT;
Telomerase↓, via upregulation of E2F1-indicating suppression of telomerase function.
ChemoSen↑, Synergistically enhanced capsaicin’s anticancer effect on HepG2 cells by increasing TRPV1-mediated calcium influx,
TRPV1↝,
Bax:Bcl2↑, apoptosis through elevated Bax/Bcl-2 ratio and caspase-3 activation.
Casp3↑,
Akt↓, Inhibited the Akt/mTOR pathway in CNE-2Z cells;
mTOR↓,
mitA↑, mitotic arrest, and enhanced sensitivity to chemotherapeutic agents (5-FU and Taxol), leading to reduced proliferation.
ROS↓, MNNG/HOS, U-2 OS, and MG63 human osteosarcoma cell lines Inhibited cell proliferation, Intracellular ROS levels were reduced
P-gp/ABCB1↓, Downregulation of P-glycoprotein (MDR1),
MDR1↓,
RadioS↑, The SMF 1.5 T enhanced the biological impact of X‑ray irradiation by increasing radiation‑induced apoptosis
Apoptosis↑, SMF stimulation in the 1–10 mT range can also induce apoptosis over longer durations.
GSH↓, 6 mT SMF stimulation for 2 h increased ROS concentration, as expected from the radical-pair mechanism. Additionally, a concomitant decrease in concentration of the antioxidant glutathione (GSH)
lipid-P↑, Consistent with SMF-induced ROS accumulation123, the study also reported increased concentration of the lipid peroxidation marker malondialdehyde.
Iron↑, 12,000 mT SMF stimulation for 24–48 h inhibits the proliferation of human osteosarcoma MNNG/HOS, U2OS, and MG63 cell lines via intracellular iron accumulation, leading to ROS-associated cell cycle arrest
Iron↓, On the other hand, another report mentions that MCF-7 cells exhibit a significant decrease in intracellular concentration of iron (Fe (II) and Fe (III)) in the presence of 10 mT SMF (for 24 and 48 h)
Fenton↑, 10 mT SMF stimulation for 48 h in combination with 0.1 μM doxorubicin doubled ROS production via the Fenton reaction in human breast cancer MCF-7 cell

3488- MFrot,  MF,    Rotating magnetic field improves cognitive and memory impairments in APP/PS1 mice by activating autophagy and inhibiting the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway
- in-vivo, AD, NA
*cognitive↑, RMF treatment significantly ameliorated their cognitive and memory impairments, attenuated neuronal damage, and reduced amyloid deposition.
*memory↑,
*neuroP↑,
*Aβ↓,
*PI3K↓, RMF improves cognitive and memory dysfunction in APP/PS1 mice by activating autophagy and inhibiting the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway, thus highlighting the potential of RMF as a clinical treatment for hereditary AD.
*Akt↓,
*mTOR↓,

3745- MFrot,  MF,    The neurobiological foundation of effective repetitive transcranial magnetic brain stimulation in Alzheimer's disease
- Review, AD, NA
*neuroP↑, neuroprotective actions aimed at mitigatingoxidative stress and inflammation, and intense stimulation of neu-rotrophic factors
*ROS↓,
*Inflam↓,
*5HT↑, increase in serotoninand its metabolites and a change in the properties of serotonergicreceptors.
*cFos↑, in rats, a single session of bothLF- (1 Hz) and HF-rTMS (10 Hz) enhanced c-Fos expression in all exam-ined cortical areas
*Aβ↓, rTMS enhances neuronal viability and counteracts oxidative stressors, such as Aβ and glutamate toxicity, in vitro
*memory↑, downregulation results in memory impairments
*BDNF↑, long-term change in synaptic proteinexpression due to BDNF-TrkB pathway activation following rTMSprotocols
*Ach↑, rTMSincreases ACh levels by modulating AChE activity.
*AChE↓,
*cognitive↑, HF-rTMS (20 Hz) and LF-rTMS (1 Hz)—in termsof neurotransmitter circuits and neurogenic signaling. 142 While bothprotocols improved cognition-related behaviors
*BDNF↑, Notably, rTMS could enhance BDNF and NGF expression irrespec-tive of frequency,
*NGF↑,
*β-catenin/ZEB1↑, both LF-rTMS (1 Hz) and HF-rTMS (10 Hz)protocols enhanced cognitive performance through the activation of β-catenin via the regulation of glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β) andTau
*p‑Akt↓, 3 weeks, iTBS reducedinflammation and increased anti-inflammatory molecules, specificallylinked to reversing the downregulation of phosphorylated forms ofAkt and the mammalian target of rapamycin.
*mTOR↓,
*MMP1↓, 6 months, patients showed significant reductions in plasma levels of MMP1, MMP9, and MMP10, along with increases in TIMP1 and TIMP2
*MMP9↓,
*MMP-10↓,
*TIMP1↑,
*TIMP2↑,

198- MFrot,  MF,    Biological effects of rotating magnetic field: A review from 1969 to 2021
- Review, Var, NA
AntiCan↑, RMF can inhibit the growth of various types of cancer cells in vitro and in vivo and improve clinical symptoms of patients with advanced cancer.
breath↑, 0.4T, 7Hz RMF was applied to treat 13 advanced non-small cell lung cancer patients (2 h/day, 5 days per week, for 6–10 weeks)
Pain↓, Decreased pleural effusion (2 patients, 15.4%), remission of shortness of breath (5 patients, 38.5%), relief of cancer pain (5 patients, 38.5%), increased appetite (6 patients, 46.2%), improved physical strength (9 patients, 69.2%), regular bowel mov
Appetite↑,
Strength↑,
BowelM↑,
TumMeta↓, The same RMF (2 h/day, for 43 days) can also suppress the growth and metastasis of B16-F10 cells in vivo
TumCCA↑, The up-regulated transcription of miR-34a induced cell proliferation inhibition, cell cycle arrest, and cell senescence by targeting E2F1/E2F3, two members of E2F family which are major regulators of the cell cycle,
ETC↓, 2h exposure) effectively inhibited the growth of two types of cultured brain cancer cells, glioblastoma cells and diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma cells. They found that the mitochondrial electron transport chain was significantly disturbed by RMF,
MMP↓, which caused loss of mitochondrial integrity, decreased mitochondrial carbon flux in cancer cells, and eventual cancer cell death (Sharpe et al., 2021).
TumCD↑,
selectivity↑, same group further reported that the same RMF can also selectively kill cultured human glioblastoma and non-small cell lung cancer cells, and leave normal cells unharmed
ROS↑, Mechanistic studies revealed that RMF can increase the mitochondrial ROS level, which further activated the caspase-3 and disturbed the electron fflow in the respiratory chain pathway in cancer cells. (Helekar et al., 2021).
Casp3↑,
TumCG↓, 0.4T, 7.5Hz RMF (2 h/day, for 5 days) inhibited the growth of mouse melanoma cell line B16–F10 in vitro,
TumCCA↑, and its mechanism involved cell cycle arrest and decomposition of chromatins.
ChrMod↑,
TumMeta↓, (2 h/day, for 43 days) can also suppress the growth and metastasis of B16–F10 cells in vivo,
Imm↑, benefiting from improved immune function, including decreased regulatory T cells, increased T cells, and dendritic cells
DCells↑,
Akt↓, inhibiting the activation of the AKT pathway (Tang et al., 2016). T
OS⇅, 51 women with advanced breast cancer underwent RMF treatment. The results showed that 27 patients among them achieved signicant therapeutic effects, and there were no side-effects
toxicity↓,
QoL↑, 13 advanced non-small cell lung cancer patients the quality of life was improved in different degrees. Median survival and 1-year survival rate was 50% and 100% longer
hepatoP↑, In addition, it seems that the RMF can also attenuate liver damage in mice bearing MCF7 and GIST-T1 cells (Zha et al., 2018)
Pain↓, The results showed that the RMF treatment reduced abdominal pain by 42.9% (9/21), nausea/vomiting by 19.0% (4/21), weight loss by 52.4% (11/21), ongoing blood loss by 9.5% (2/21), improved physical strength by 23.8% (5/21) and sleep quality by 19.0%
Weight↑,
Strength↑,
Sleep↑,
IL6↓, Furthermore, decreased levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6), granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) and keratinocyte-derived chemokine (KC) were observed
CD4+↑, it was discovered that macrophages and dendritic cells were activated, CD4+ T and CD8+ T lymphocytes increased, and the ratio of Th17/Treg was balanced.
CD8+↑,
Ca+2↑, effects of RMF were strongly associated with increased calcium tunnel activity and intracellular Ca2+ level in CNS
radioP↑, These results suggest that RMF may be helpful to alleviate the damage of hematopoietic function caused by radiotherapy and chemotherapy
chemoP↑,
*BMD↑, 0.4T, 8Hz RMF treatment (30min/day, for 30 days) along with calcium supplement, synergistically improved bone density
*AntiAge↑, In 2019, Xu et al. reported that a 4h exposure to a 0.2T, 4Hz RMF delayed the aging of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC)
*AMPK↑, Mechanistic research revealed that RMF treatment increased the expression of AMPK while reducing the expression of p21, p53 and mTOR.
*P21↓,
*P53↓,
*mTOR↓,
*OS↑, They also discovered that the RMF (2 h/day, for 6, 10 or 14days) can prolong the health status lifespan of Caenorhabditis elegans.
*β-Endo↑, 0.1–0.8T, 0.33Hz RMF treatment signicantly increased the β-endorphin level in the blood of rabbits and humans (23 times higher than before). Moreover, it decreased serotonin (5-HT) in brains, small intestine tissue and serum of mice.
*5HT↓,

225- MFrot,  MF,    Extremely low frequency magnetic fields regulate differentiation of regulatory T cells: Potential role for ROS-mediated inhibition on AKT
- vitro+vivo, Lung, NA
MMP2↓,
MMP9↓,
FOXP3↓,
ROS↑,
p‑Akt↓,


Showing Research Papers: 1 to 12 of 12

* indicates research on normal cells as opposed to diseased cells
Total Research Paper Matches: 12

Pathway results for Effect on Cancer / Diseased Cells:


Redox & Oxidative Stress(tgid=1) ⓘ

Fenton↑, 1,   GSH↓, 1,   Iron↓, 1,   Iron↑, 1,   lipid-P↑, 1,   ROS↓, 1,   ROS↑, 7,  

Mitochondria & Bioenergetics(tgid=3) ⓘ

ETC↓, 1,   MMP↓, 3,  

Core Metabolism/Glycolysis(tgid=4) ⓘ

cMyc↓, 1,  

Cell Death(tgid=5) ⓘ

Akt↓, 5,   p‑Akt↓, 2,   Apoptosis↑, 3,   BAX↑, 1,   Bax:Bcl2↑, 1,   Bcl-2↓, 1,   Casp3↑, 2,   cl‑Casp3↑, 1,   Casp9↑, 1,   MAPK↑, 1,   Telomerase↓, 1,   TRPV1↑, 1,   TRPV1↝, 1,   TumCD↑, 1,  

Transcription & Epigenetics(tgid=7) ⓘ

BowelM↑, 1,   ChrMod↑, 1,  

Protein Folding & ER Stress(tgid=8) ⓘ

ER Stress↑, 1,  

Autophagy & Lysosomes(tgid=9) ⓘ

TumAuto↑, 1,  

DNA Damage & Repair(tgid=10) ⓘ

DNAdam↑, 2,   P53↑, 2,   cl‑PARP↑, 1,  

Cell Cycle & Senescence(tgid=11) ⓘ

CDK1↓, 1,   CycB/CCNB1↓, 2,   mitA↑, 1,   TumCCA↑, 5,  

Proliferation, Differentiation & Cell State(tgid=12) ⓘ

CD133↓, 1,   CD44↓, 1,   Diff↑, 1,   GSK‐3β↑, 1,   mTOR↓, 2,   Nanog↓, 1,   PI3K↓, 1,   SOX2↓, 1,   p‑STAT3↑, 1,   TumCG↓, 3,  

Migration(tgid=13) ⓘ

Ca+2↑, 3,   MMP2↓, 1,   MMP2↑, 1,   MMP9↓, 1,   TumCP↓, 3,   TumMeta↓, 3,  

Angiogenesis & Vasculature(tgid=14) ⓘ

angioG↓, 1,   EPR↑, 1,   VEGFR2/KDR/Flk1↓, 1,  

Barriers & Transport(tgid=15) ⓘ

CellMemb↑, 1,   P-gp/ABCB1↓, 2,  

Immune & Inflammatory Signaling(tgid=16) ⓘ

CD4+↑, 1,   DCells↑, 1,   FOXP3↓, 1,   IL6↓, 1,   Imm↑, 1,  

Cellular Microenvironment(tgid=17) ⓘ

pH↓, 1,  

Drug Metabolism & Resistance(tgid=21) ⓘ

ChemoSen↑, 2,   eff↓, 1,   eff↑, 2,   MDR1↓, 1,   RadioS↑, 1,   selectivity↑, 4,  

Clinical Biomarkers(tgid=22) ⓘ

IL6↓, 1,  

Functional Outcomes(tgid=23) ⓘ

AntiCan↑, 1,   AntiTum↑, 1,   Appetite↑, 1,   breath↑, 1,   chemoP↑, 1,   hepatoP↑, 1,   OS⇅, 1,   Pain↓, 2,   QoL↑, 1,   radioP↑, 1,   Sleep↑, 1,   Strength↑, 2,   toxicity↓, 1,   Weight↑, 1,  

Infection & Microbiome(tgid=24) ⓘ

CD8+↑, 1,  
Total Targets: 84

Pathway results for Effect on Normal Cells:


Redox & Oxidative Stress(tgid=1) ⓘ

ROS↓, 3,   SOD↑, 1,  

Core Metabolism/Glycolysis(tgid=4) ⓘ

AMPK↑, 1,  

Cell Death(tgid=5) ⓘ

Akt↓, 2,   Akt↑, 2,   p‑Akt↓, 1,   p‑Akt↑, 1,   Apoptosis↓, 1,   BAD↓, 1,   BAX↓, 1,   Bcl-xL↑, 1,   BMP2↑, 1,   Casp3↓, 1,   HGF/c-Met↑, 1,   p‑JNK↑, 1,   MAPK↑, 1,   p38↑, 1,  

Transcription & Epigenetics(tgid=7) ⓘ

Ach↑, 1,   other↑, 1,  

Protein Folding & ER Stress(tgid=8) ⓘ

HSP70/HSPA5↑, 1,  

DNA Damage & Repair(tgid=10) ⓘ

P53↓, 1,  

Cell Cycle & Senescence(tgid=11) ⓘ

P21↓, 1,  

Proliferation, Differentiation & Cell State(tgid=12) ⓘ

cFos↑, 1,   Diff↑, 1,   ERK↑, 1,   p‑ERK↑, 2,   FGF↑, 1,   mTOR↓, 4,   mTOR↑, 2,   p‑P70S6K↑, 1,   PI3K↓, 1,   PI3K↑, 1,  

Migration(tgid=13) ⓘ

Ca+2↓, 1,   Ca+2↑, 1,   MMP-10↓, 1,   MMP1↓, 1,   MMP9↓, 2,   MMPs↑, 1,   PDGF↑, 1,   PKA↑, 1,   PKCδ↓, 1,   TIMP1↑, 1,   TIMP2↑, 1,   β-catenin/ZEB1↑, 1,   β-Endo↑, 1,  

Angiogenesis & Vasculature(tgid=14) ⓘ

HIF-1↓, 1,   NO↓, 1,   VEGF↑, 3,  

Immune & Inflammatory Signaling(tgid=16) ⓘ

IL1↑, 1,   IL10↑, 1,   IL2↑, 1,   Inflam↓, 2,   TNF-α↑, 1,  

Synaptic & Neurotransmission(tgid=18) ⓘ

5HT↓, 1,   5HT↑, 1,   AChE↓, 1,   BDNF↑, 2,   NGF↑, 1,  

Protein Aggregation(tgid=19) ⓘ

Aβ↓, 2,  

Drug Metabolism & Resistance(tgid=21) ⓘ

eff↑, 1,  

Clinical Biomarkers(tgid=22) ⓘ

BMD↑, 1,  

Functional Outcomes(tgid=23) ⓘ

AntiAge↑, 1,   cognitive↑, 2,   memory↑, 3,   neuroP↑, 2,   OS↑, 1,  
Total Targets: 66

Scientific Paper Hit Count for: Akt, PKB-Protein kinase B
12 Magnetic Fields
4 Magnetic Field Rotating
1 Capsaicin
Query results interpretion may depend on "conditions" listed in the research papers.
Such Conditions may include : 
  -low or high Dose
  -format for product, such as nano of lipid formations
  -different cell line effects
  -synergies with other products 
  -if effect was for normal or cancerous cells

Filter Conditions: Pro/AntiFlg:%  IllCat:%  CanType:%  Cells:%  prod#:172  Target#:4  State#:%  Dir#:%
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