Silymarin (Milk Thistle) silibinin Cancer Research Results

SIL, Silymarin (Milk Thistle) silibinin: Click to Expand ⟱
Features:
Silymarin (Milk Thistle) Flowering herb related to daisy and ragweed family.
Silibinin (INN), also known as silybin is the major active constituent of silymarin, a standardized extract of the milk thistle seeds.
-a flavonoid combination of 65–80% of seven flavolignans; the most important of these include silybin, isosilybin, silychristin, isosilychristin, and silydianin. Silybin is the most abundant compound in around 50–70% in isoforms silybin A and silybin B

-Note half-life 6hrs?.
BioAv not soluble in water, low bioAv (1%). 240mg yielded only 0.34ug/ml plasma level. oral administration of SM (equivalent to 120 mg silibinin), total (unconjugated + conjugated) silibinin concentration in plasma was 1.1–1.3 μg/mL, so can not achieve levels used in most in-vitro studies.
Pathways:
- results for both inducing and reducing ROS in cancer cells. In normal cell seems to consistently lower ROS. Reports show both ROS↑ and ROS↓ in cancer models; systemic pro-oxidant effects may require higher exposures than typical oral dosing, but local or combination contexts may differ. (level in GUT could be much higher (800uM).
- ROS↑ related: MMP↓(ΔΨm), Ca+2↑, Cyt‑c↑, Caspases↑, DNA damage↑, cl-PARP↑,
- Raises AntiOxidant defense in Normal Cells: ROS↓, NRF2↑, SOD↑, GSH↑, Catalase↑,
- lowers Inflammation : NF-kB↓, COX2↓, p38↓(context-dependent; often stress-activated), Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines : NLRP3↓, IL-1β↓, TNF-α↓, IL-6↓, IL-8↓
- inhibit Growth/Metastases : TumMeta↓, TumCG↓, EMT↓, MMPs↓, MMP2↓, MMP9↓, TIMP2, uPA↓, VEGF↓, FAK↓, NF-κB↓, CXCR4↓, TGF-β↓, α-SMA↓, ERK↓
- reactivate genes thereby inhibiting cancer cell growth : HDAC↓, DNMTs↓, P53↑, HSP↓,
- cause Cell cycle arrest : TumCCA↑, cyclin D1↓, cyclin E↓, CDK2↓, CDK4↓,
- inhibits Migration/Invasion : TumCMig↓, TumCI↓, TNF-α↓, FAK↓, ERK↓, EMT↓,
- inhibits glycolysis and ATP depletion : HIF-1α↓, PKM2↓, cMyc↓, GLUT1↓, LDH↓, LDHA↓, HK2↓, PFKs↓, GRP78↑(ER stress), Glucose↓, GlucoseCon↓
- inhibits angiogenesis↓ : VEGF↓, HIF-1α↓, Notch↓, PDGF↓, EGFR↓,
- inhibits Cancer Stem Cells : CSC↓, Hh↓, GLi1↓, β-catenin↓, Notch2↓, OCT4↓,
- Others: PI3K↓, AKT↓, JAK↓, STAT↓, Wnt↓, β-catenin↓, AMPK, ERK↓, JNK, - SREBP (related to cholesterol).
- Synergies: chemo-sensitization, chemoProtective, RadioSensitizer, RadioProtective, Others(review target notes), Neuroprotective, Cognitive, Renoprotection, Hepatoprotective, CardioProtective,

- Selectivity: Cancer Cells vs Normal Cells

Rank Pathway / Axis Cancer Cells Normal Cells TSF Primary Effect Notes / Interpretation
1 ROS / redox buffering + mitochondrial protection Often ↑ stress susceptibility; can support apoptosis when survival signaling is blocked ↓ oxidative stress; mitochondrial protection P, R, G Context-selective redox modulation Silymarin is classically cytoprotective/antioxidant in normal tissues (notably liver), while in tumors it can weaken pro-survival adaptation and increase vulnerability to stressors and therapy.
2 Intrinsic apoptosis (mitochondria → caspases) ↑ apoptosis signaling; ↑ caspase activation ↔ minimal activation G Cell death execution Common downstream outcome in cancer models: apoptosis increases after earlier signaling/redox shifts and/or checkpoint disruption.
3 Cell-cycle control (cyclins/CDKs; checkpoints) ↑ arrest (G1/S or G2/M depending on model) ↔ G Cytostasis Typically observed as reduced proliferation with checkpoint engagement; timing usually later than kinase phosphorylation changes.
4 NF-κB inflammatory transcription ↓ NF-κB activity; ↓ inflammatory/pro-survival tone ↔ or protective anti-inflammatory effect R, G Anti-inflammatory / anti-survival transcription NF-κB suppression can reduce tumor-promoting inflammation and blunt stress-adaptive survival programs.
5 JAK/STAT3 axis (incl. PD-L1 / immune escape programs in some models) ↓ STAT3 signaling (context); may ↓ PD-L1 in certain tumor contexts ↔ R, G Reduced survival + immune-evasion signaling Reported to attenuate STAT3-driven tumor programs and, in some contexts, reduce immune-suppressive signaling (model dependent).
6 PI3K → AKT → mTOR survival / growth signaling ↓ PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling (context) ↔ R, G Growth/survival suppression Reduced PI3K/AKT/mTOR tone increases sensitivity to apoptosis and can reinforce cell-cycle arrest.
7 MAPK re-wiring (ERK/p38/JNK balance) Stress-MAPK shifts; ERK tone often reduced or re-patterned ↔ P, R, G Signal reprogramming Early phosphorylation shifts can precede later gene-expression changes; exact ERK direction is model and dose dependent.
8 Angiogenesis (VEGF and angiogenic factors) ↓ VEGF / angiogenesis outputs ↔ G Anti-angiogenic support Typically reflected in reduced pro-angiogenic expression/secretion and angiogenesis-related phenotypes over longer windows.
9 EMT / invasion / migration programs (incl. TGF-β/Smad-associated EMT in some systems) ↓ EMT markers; ↓ migration/invasion ↔ G Anti-invasive phenotype Often presents as restoration of epithelial markers and suppression of migration/invasion assays; commonly a later phenotype-level outcome.
10 Xenobiotic handling (Phase I/II enzymes; cytoprotection / chemoprevention framing) May alter carcinogen activation/detox balance ↑ detox / cytoprotection against xenobiotics G Chemopreventive protection A key “dual strategy” theme: protection of normal tissue from toxins/therapy while modulating tumor response pathways.
11 Drug resistance / efflux (MDR phenotype; P-gp-related resistance in some models) May ↓ functional MDR and ↑ chemo sensitivity (context) ↔ R, G Chemo-sensitization support Reported synergy with chemotherapy in resistant tumor settings; transporter direction can be context-specific, so present as “reported to reduce functional resistance” rather than a universal single-transporter claim.
12 Immune microenvironment signaling (cytokines / macrophage recruitment in some models) May ↓ pro-tumor cytokine programs and recruitment signals (context) ↔ G Anti-inflammatory tumor microenvironment shift Immune-modulatory effects are increasingly discussed, but they are more model-dependent and typically show on longer time scales.

Time-Scale Flag (TSF): P / R / G

  • P: 0–30 min (primary/physical–chemical effects; rapid signaling / phosphorylation shifts)
  • R: 30 min–3 hr (redox signaling + acute stress-response signaling)
  • G: >3 hr (gene-regulatory adaptation and phenotype-level outcomes)
Scientific Papers found: Click to Expand⟱
399- AgNPs,  SIL,    Cytotoxic potentials of silibinin assisted silver nanoparticles on human colorectal HT-29 cancer cells
- in-vitro, CRC, HT-29
P53↑,
2607- Ba,  SIL,    Baicalein Enhances the Oral Bioavailability and Hepatoprotective Effects of Silybin Through the Inhibition of Efflux Transporters BCRP and MRP2
- in-vivo, Nor, NA
*BioEnh↑, *hepatoP↑, *antiOx↑, *Inflam↓,
5643- BCA,  GEN,  QC,  SIL,  KaempF  P-glycoprotein inhibitors of natural origin as potential tumor chemo-sensitizers: A review
- in-vitro, NA, NA
P-gp↓,
134- CUR,  RES,  MEL,  SIL,    Thioredoxin 1 modulates apoptosis induced by bioactive compounds in prostate cancer cells
- in-vitro, Pca, LNCaP - in-vitro, Pca, PC3
Apoptosis↑, ROS↑, Trx1↓, TumCG↓, eff↓, TXNIP↑,
3578- CUR,  SIL,    Curcumin, but not its degradation products, in combination with silibinin is primarily responsible for the inhibition of colon cancer cell proliferation
- in-vitro, CRC, DLD1
eff↑, BioAv↓, TumCG↓,
3324- SIL,    Silymarin prevents NLRP3 inflammasome activation and protects against intracerebral hemorrhage
*ROS↓, *TAC↑, *NF-kB↓, *IL2↓, *NRF2↑, *HO-1↑, *neuroP↑, *Inflam↓, *NLRP3↓,
3332- SIL,    Silibinin inhibits the invasion of human lung cancer cells via decreased productions of urokinase-plasminogen activator and matrix metalloproteinase-2
- in-vitro, Lung, A549
*antiOx↑, *hepatoP↑, MMP2↓, uPA↓, TIMP2↑,
3331- SIL,    The clinical anti-inflammatory effects and underlying mechanisms of silymarin
- Review, NA, NA
*Inflam↓, *NF-kB↓, *NLRP3↓, *COX2↓, *iNOS↓, *neuroP↑, *p‑ERK↓, *p38↓, *MAPK↓, *EGFR↓, *ROS↓, *lipid-P?, *5LO↓,
3330- SIL,    Mechanistic Insights into the Pharmacological Significance of Silymarin
- Review, Var, NA
*neuroP↑, *hepatoP↑, *cardioP↑, *antiOx↓, *NLRP3↓, *NAD↑, ROS↓, NLRP3↓, TumCMig↓, *COX2↓, *iNOS↓, *MPO↓, *AChE↓, *LDH↓, *Telomerase↓, *Fas↓,
3329- SIL,    Silymarin regulates the HIF-1 and iNOS expression in the brain and Gills of the hypoxic-reoxygenated rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykis)
- in-vivo, Nor, NA
*NO↓, *MDA↓, *TAC↑, *Hif1a↓, *iNOS↓,
3328- SIL,    Modulatory effect of silymarin on inflammatory mediators in experimentally induced benign prostatic hyperplasia: emphasis on PTEN, HIF-1α, and NF-κB
- in-vivo, BPH, NA
*NF-kB↓, *Hif1a↓, *PTEN↑, *Weight↓, *NO↓, *IL6↓, *IL8↓, *COX2↓, *iNOS↓,
3327- SIL,    Effects of silymarin on HIF‑1α and MDR1 expression in HepG‑2 cells under hypoxia
- in-vitro, Liver, HepG2
MDR1↓, Hif1a↓, P-gp↓,
3326- SIL,    Silymarin suppresses proliferation of human hepatocellular carcinoma cells under hypoxia through downregulation of the HIF-1α/VEGF pathway
- in-vitro, Liver, HepG2 - in-vitro, Liver, Hep3B
*hepatoP↑, chemoPv↑, ChemoSen↑, TumCP↓, TumCMig↓, TumCI↓, Hif1a↓, VEGF↓, angioG↓,
3325- SIL,    Modulatory effect of silymarin on pulmonary vascular dysfunction through HIF-1α-iNOS following rat lung ischemia-reperfusion injury
- in-vivo, Nor, NA
*Inflam↓, *ROS↓, *Casp3↑, *Casp9↑, *Hif1a↓, *iNOS↓, *SOD↑, *MDA↓,
3333- SIL,    Silymarin attenuated nonalcoholic fatty liver disease through the regulation of endoplasmic reticulum stress proteins GRP78 and XBP-1 in mice
- in-vivo, NA, NA
*GRP78/BiP↓, *XBP-1↓,
3323- SIL,    Anticancer therapeutic potential of silibinin: current trends, scope and relevance
- Review, Var, NA
Inflam↓, angioG↓, antiOx↑, TumMeta↓, TumCP↓, TumCCA↑, TumCD↑, α-SMA↓, p‑Akt↓, p‑STAT3↓, COX2↓, IL6↓, MMP2↓, HIF-1↓, Snail↓, Slug↓, Zeb1↓, NF-kB↓, p‑EGFR↓, JAK2↓, PI3K↓, PD-L1↓, VEGF↓, CDK4↓, CDK2↓, cycD1/CCND1↓, E2Fs↓,
3322- SIL,    Therapeutic intervention of silymarin on the migration of non-small cell lung cancer cells is associated with the axis of multiple molecular targets including class 1 HDACs, ZEB1 expression, and restoration of miR-203 and E-cadherin expression
- in-vitro, Lung, A549 - in-vitro, Lung, H1299 - in-vitro, Lung, H460
HDAC↓, HDAC1↓, HDAC2↓, HDAC3↓, HDAC8↓, HATs↑, Zeb1↓, E-cadherin↑, TumCMig↓,
3321- SIL,    Silymarin (Milk thistle)
- Review, AD, NA
*neuroP↝, *Dose↝, *Half-Life?, *BioAv↝, *cognitive↑, *Aβ↓, *Inflam↓, *OS↑, *memory↑,
3320- SIL,    Neuroprotective Potential of Silymarin against CNS Disorders: Insight into the Pathways and Molecular Mechanisms of Action
- Review, AD, NA
*hepatoP↑, *neuroP↑, *ROS↓, *β-Amyloid↓, *Inflam↓, *Aβ↓, *NF-kB↓, *TNF-α↓, *TNF-β↓, *iNOS↓, *NO↓, *COX2↓,
3319- SIL,    Silymarin and neurodegenerative diseases: Therapeutic potential and basic molecular mechanisms
- Review, AD, NA - Review, Park, NA - Review, Stroke, NA
*neuroP↑, *ROS↓, *Inflam↓, *Apoptosis↓, *BBB?, *tau↓, *NF-kB↓, *IL1β↓, *TNF-α↓, *IL4↓, *MAPK↓, *memory↑, *cognitive↑, *Aβ↓, *ROS↓, *lipid-P↓, *GSH↑, *MDA↓, *SOD↑, *Catalase↑, *AChE↓, *BChE↓, *p‑ERK↓, *p‑JNK↓, *p‑p38↓, *GutMicro↑, *COX2↓, *iNOS↓, *TLR4↓, *neuroP↑, *Strength↑, *AMPK↑, *MMP↑, *necrosis↓, *NRF2↑, *HO-1↑,
3318- SIL,    Pharmaceutical prospects of Silymarin for the treatment of neurological patients: an updated insight
- Review, AD, NA - Review, Park, NA
*hepatoP↑, *neuroP↑, *TLR4↓, *TNF-α↓, *IL1β↓, *NF-kB↓, *memory↑, *cognitive↑, *NRF2↑, *HO-1↑, *ROS↓, *Akt↑, *mTOR↑, *SOD↑, *Catalase↑, *GSH↑, *IL10↑, *IL6↑, *NO↓, *MDA↓, *AChE↓, *MAPK↓, *BDNF↑,
3317- SIL,    Unlocking the Neuroprotective Potential of Silymarin: A Promising Ally in Safeguarding the Brain from Alzheimer's Disease and Other Neurological Disorders
- Review, NA, NA
*neuroP↑,
3316- SIL,  Chemo,    Silymarin Nanoparticles Counteract Cognitive Impairment Induced by Doxorubicin and Cyclophosphamide in Rats; Insights into Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Nrf2/HO-1 Axis
Inflam↓, antiOx↓, neuroP↑, cognitive↑, NRF2↑, HO-1↑, memory↑, AChE↓, Casp3↓,
3653- SIL,    Silibinin ameliorates Aβ25-35-induced memory deficits in rats by modulating autophagy and attenuating neuroinflammation as well as oxidative stress
- in-vivo, AD, NA
*hepatoP↑, *neuroP↑, *cognitive↑, *memory↑, *Inflam↓, *GSH↑, *MDA↓, *Inflam↓, *antiOx↓,
109- SIL,    Silibinin induces apoptosis through inhibition of the mTOR-GLI1-BCL2 pathway in renal cell carcinoma
- vitro+vivo, RCC, 769-P - in-vitro, RCC, 786-O - in-vitro, RCC, ACHN - in-vitro, RCC, OS-RC-2
HH↓, Gli1↓, GLI2↓, mTOR↓, Bcl-2↓, Apoptosis↑, Casp3↑, PARP↑, TumCG↓,
4207- SIL,    Silymarin sex-dependently improves cognitive functions and alters TNF-α, BDNF, and glutamate in the hippocampus of mice with mild traumatic brain injury
*TNF-α↓, *BDNF↑, *cognitive↑,
4206- SIL,    Silymarin ameliorates experimentally induced depressive like behavior in rats: Involvement of hippocampal BDNF signaling, inflammatory cytokines and oxidative stress response
- in-vivo, NA, NA
*BDNF↑, *5HT↑, *antiOx↑, *IL6↓, *TNF-α↓, *Mood↑,
4205- SIL,    The Therapeutic Effect of Silymarin and Silibinin on Depression and Anxiety Disorders and Possible Mechanism in the Brain: A Systematic Review
- Review, AD, NA
*BDNF↑, *5HT↑, *MDA↓, *GSH↑, *SOD↑, *Catalase↑, *IL6↓, *IL1β↓,
4204- SIL,    Silymarin administration after cerebral ischemia improves survival of obese mice by increasing cortical BDNF and IGF1 levels
- NA, Stroke, NA
*OS↑, *BDNF↑, *IGF-1↑,
4203- SIL,    Unlocking the Neuroprotective Potential of Silymarin: A Promising Ally in Safeguarding the Brain from Alzheimer’s Disease and Other Neurological Disorders
- Review, NA, NA
*MAPK↝, *AMPK↝, *NF-kB↓, *mTOR↝, *PI3K↝, *Akt↝, *BioAv↝, *memory↑, *BDNF↑, *TNF-α↓,
3655- SIL,    Protective effect of silymarin on oxidative stress in rat brain
- in-vivo, AD, NA
*GSH↑, *VitC↑, *SOD↑, *lipid-P↓, *ROS↓, *hepatoP↑, *neuroP↑,
3654- SIL,    Effect of silymarin on biochemical parameters of oxidative stress in aged and young rat brain
- in-vivo, AD, NA
*ROS↓, *neuroP↑, *GSH↑, *SOD↑,
3315- SIL,    Silymarin alleviates docetaxel-induced central and peripheral neurotoxicity by reducing oxidative stress, inflammation and apoptosis in rats
- in-vivo, Nor, NA
neuroP↑, *NRF2↑, *HO-1↑, *lipid-P↓, *GSH↑, *SOD↑, *Catalase↑, *GPx↑, *NF-kB↓, *TNF-α↓, *JNK↓, *Bcl-2↑, *BAX↑,
3652- SIL,    Silibinin ameliorates anxiety/depression-like behaviors in amyloid β-treated rats by upregulating BDNF/TrkB pathway and attenuating autophagy in hippocampus
- in-vivo, NA, NA
*hepatoP↑, *other↑,
3651- SIL,    Aminotransferase levels and silymarin in de novo tacrine-treated patients with Alzheimer's disease
- Trial, NA, NA
*hepatoP↑, *ALAT↓,
3650- SIL,    Silibinin: a novel inhibitor of Aβ aggregation
- in-vitro, AD, SH-SY5Y
*Aβ↓, *H2O2↓,
3649- SIL,    Silymarin suppresses TNF-induced activation of NF-kappa B, c-Jun N-terminal kinase, and apoptosis
*Inflam↓, *NF-kB↓, *cJun↓, *Casp↓, *ROS↓, *lipid-P↓,
3648- SIL,    Silymarin/Silybin and Chronic Liver Disease: A Marriage of Many Years
- Review, NA, NA
*antiOx↑, *Inflam↓, *lipid-P↓, *necrosis↓, *hepatoP↑, *IL1↓, *IL6↓, *TNF-α↓, *IFN-γ↓, MAPK↓, Apoptosis↑, Cyt‑c↑, Casp3↑, Casp9↑, *PPARγ↑, *GLUT4↑, *HSPs↓, *HSP27↑, *Trx↑, *SIRT1↑, *ALAT↓, *GSH↑, *lipid-P↓, *TNF-α↓, TumCG↓, P21↑, CDK4↑,
3647- SIL,    Silymarin Modulates Microbiota in the Gut to Improve the Health of Sow from Late Gestation to Lactation
- in-vivo, NA, NA
*IL1β↓, *GutMicro↝, *Inflam↓,
3646- SIL,    "Silymarin", a promising pharmacological agent for treatment of diseases
- Review, NA, NA
*P-gp↓, *Inflam↓, *hepatoP↑, *antiOx↑, *GSH↑, *BioAv↑, *SOD↑, *IFN-γ↓, *IL4↓, *IL10↓, *Half-Life↓, *TNF-α↓, *ALAT↓, *AST↓, Akt↓, chemoP↑, β-catenin/ZEB1↓, TumCP↓, MMP↓, Cyt‑c↑, *RenoP↑, *BBB↑,
964- SIL,    Silibinin inhibits hypoxia-induced HIF-1α-mediated signaling, angiogenesis and lipogenesis in prostate cancer cells: In vitro evidence and in vivo functional imaging and metabolomics
- vitro+vivo, Pca, LNCaP - in-vitro, Pca, 22Rv1
TumCP↓, Hif1a↓, NADPH↓, angioG↓, FASN↓, ACC↓,
3288- SIL,    Silymarin in cancer therapy: Mechanisms of action, protective roles in chemotherapy-induced toxicity, and nanoformulations
- Review, Var, NA
Inflam↓, lipid-P↓, TumMeta↓, angioG↓, chemoP↑, EMT↓, HDAC↓, HATs↑, MMPs↓, uPA↓, PI3K↓, Akt↓, VEGF↓, CD31↓, Hif1a↓, VEGFR2↓, Raf↓, MEK↓, ERK↓, BIM↓, BAX↑, Bcl-2↓, Bcl-xL↓, Casp↑, MAPK↓, P53↑, LC3II↑, mTOR↓, YAP/TEAD↓, *BioAv↓, MMP↓, Cyt‑c↑, PCNA↓, cMyc↓, cycD1/CCND1↓, β-catenin/ZEB1↓, survivin↓, APAF1↑, Casp3↑, MDSCs↓, IL10↓, IL2↑, IFN-γ↑, hepatoP↑, cardioP↑, GSH↑, neuroP↑,
3296- SIL,    Silibinin induces oral cancer cell apoptosis and reactive oxygen species generation by activating the JNK/c-Jun pathway
- in-vitro, Oral, Ca9-22 - in-vivo, Oral, YD10B
TumCP↓, TumCCA↑, ROS↑, SOD1↓, SOD2↓, *JNK↑, toxicity?, TumCMig↓, TumCI↓, N-cadherin↓, Vim↓, E-cadherin↑, EMT↓, P53↑, cl‑Casp3↑, cl‑PARP↑, BAX↑, Bcl-2↓, SOD↓,
3295- SIL,    Hepatoprotective effect of silymarin
- Review, NA, NA
*hepatoP↑, *ROS↓, *GSH↑, *BioAv↝, ERK↓, NF-kB↓, STAT3↓, COX2↓, Inflam↓, IronCh↑, lipid-P↓, ALAT↓, AST↓, TNF-α↓, *α-SMA↓, *SOD↑,
3294- SIL,    Silymarin: a review on paving the way towards promising pharmacological agent
- Review, Nor, NA - Review, Arthritis, NA
*hepatoP↑, *Inflam↓, *chemoP↑, *glucose↓, *antiOx↑, *ROS↓, *ACC↓, *FASN↓, *radioP↑, *NF-kB↓, *TGF-β↓, *AST↓, *α-SMA↝, *eff↑, *neuroP↑, eff↑, ROS↓,
3293- SIL,    Silymarin (milk thistle extract) as a therapeutic agent in gastrointestinal cancer
- Review, Var, NA
hepatoP↑, TumMeta↓, Inflam↓, chemoP↑, radioP↑, Half-Life↝, *GSTs↑, p‑JNK↑, BAX↑, p‑p38↑, cl‑PARP↑, Bcl-2↓, p‑ERK↓, TumVol↓, eff↑, TumCCA↑, STAT3↓, Mcl-1↓, survivin↓, Bcl-xL↓, Casp3↑, Casp9↑, eff↑, CXCR4↓, Dose↝,
3292- SIL,  Fe,    Anti-tumor activity of silymarin nanoliposomes in combination with iron: In vitro and in vivo study
- in-vitro, BC, 4T1 - in-vivo, BC, 4T1
*antiOx↑, ROS↑, OS↑, Weight↑, TumVol↓, eff↑, Fenton↑,
3291- SIL,    Antioxidant effects and mechanism of silymarin in oxidative stress induced cardiovascular diseases
- Review, Nor, NA
*antiOx↑, *ROS↓, *cardioP↑, *BioAv↓, *Half-Life↝, *other↑, IronCh↑,
3290- SIL,    A review of therapeutic potentials of milk thistle (Silybum marianum L.) and its main constituent, silymarin, on cancer, and their related patents
- Analysis, Var, NA
hepatoP↑, chemoP↑, *lipid-P↓, *antiOx↑, tumCV↓, TumCMig↓, Apoptosis↑, ROS↑, GSH↓, Bcl-2↓, survivin↓, cycD1/CCND1↓, NOTCH1↓, BAX↑, NF-kB↓, COX2↓, LOX1↓, iNOS↓, TNF-α↓, IL1↓, Inflam↓, *toxicity↓, CXCR4↓, EGFR↓, ERK↓, MMP↓, Cyt‑c↑, TumCCA↑, RB1↑, P53↑, P21↑, p27↑, cycE/CCNE↓, CDK4↓, p‑pRB↓, Hif1a↓, cMyc↓, IL1β↓, IFN-γ↓, PCNA↓, PSA↓, CYP1A1↓,
3289- SIL,    Silymarin: a promising modulator of apoptosis and survival signaling in cancer
- Review, Var, NA
*BioAv↝, *BioAv↓, Fas↑, FasL↑, FADD↑, pro‑Casp8↑, Apoptosis↑, DR5↑, Bcl-2↑, BAX↑, Casp3↑, PI3K↓, FOXM1↓, p‑mTOR↓, p‑P70S6K↓, Hif1a↓, Akt↑, angioG↓, STAT3↓, NF-kB↓, lipid-P↓, eff↑, CDK1↓, survivin↓, CycB/CCNB1↓, Mcl-1↓, Casp9↑, AP-1↓, BioAv↑,

Showing Research Papers: 1 to 50 of 77
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* indicates research on normal cells as opposed to diseased cells
Total Research Paper Matches: 77

Pathway results for Effect on Cancer / Diseased Cells:


Redox & Oxidative Stress ⓘ

antiOx↓, 1,   antiOx↑, 1,   CYP1A1↓, 1,   Fenton↑, 1,   GSH↓, 1,   GSH↑, 1,   HO-1↑, 1,   lipid-P↓, 3,   NRF2↑, 1,   ROS↓, 2,   ROS↑, 4,   SOD↓, 1,   SOD1↓, 1,   SOD2↓, 1,   Trx1↓, 1,  

Metal & Cofactor Biology ⓘ

IronCh↑, 2,  

Mitochondria & Bioenergetics ⓘ

MEK↓, 1,   MMP↓, 3,   Raf↓, 1,  

Core Metabolism/Glycolysis ⓘ

ACC↓, 1,   ALAT↓, 1,   cMyc↓, 2,   FASN↓, 1,   NADPH↓, 1,  

Cell Death ⓘ

Akt↓, 2,   Akt↑, 1,   p‑Akt↓, 1,   APAF1↑, 1,   Apoptosis↑, 5,   BAX↑, 5,   Bcl-2↓, 5,   Bcl-2↑, 1,   Bcl-xL↓, 2,   BIM↓, 1,   Casp↑, 1,   Casp3↓, 1,   Casp3↑, 5,   cl‑Casp3↑, 1,   pro‑Casp8↑, 1,   Casp9↑, 3,   Cyt‑c↑, 4,   DR5↑, 1,   FADD↑, 1,   Fas↑, 1,   FasL↑, 1,   iNOS↓, 1,   p‑JNK↑, 1,   MAPK↓, 2,   Mcl-1↓, 2,   p27↑, 1,   p‑p38↑, 1,   survivin↓, 4,   TumCD↑, 1,   YAP/TEAD↓, 1,  

Transcription & Epigenetics ⓘ

HATs↑, 2,   p‑pRB↓, 1,   tumCV↓, 1,  

Autophagy & Lysosomes ⓘ

LC3II↑, 1,  

DNA Damage & Repair ⓘ

P53↑, 4,   PARP↑, 1,   cl‑PARP↑, 2,   PCNA↓, 2,  

Cell Cycle & Senescence ⓘ

CDK1↓, 1,   CDK2↓, 1,   CDK4↓, 2,   CDK4↑, 1,   CycB/CCNB1↓, 1,   cycD1/CCND1↓, 3,   cycE/CCNE↓, 1,   E2Fs↓, 1,   P21↑, 2,   RB1↑, 1,   TumCCA↑, 4,  

Proliferation, Differentiation & Cell State ⓘ

EMT↓, 2,   ERK↓, 3,   p‑ERK↓, 1,   FOXM1↓, 1,   Gli1↓, 1,   HDAC↓, 2,   HDAC1↓, 1,   HDAC2↓, 1,   HDAC3↓, 1,   HDAC8↓, 1,   HH↓, 1,   mTOR↓, 2,   p‑mTOR↓, 1,   NOTCH1↓, 1,   p‑P70S6K↓, 1,   PI3K↓, 3,   STAT3↓, 3,   p‑STAT3↓, 1,   TumCG↓, 4,  

Migration ⓘ

AP-1↓, 1,   CD31↓, 1,   E-cadherin↑, 2,   GLI2↓, 1,   MMP2↓, 2,   MMPs↓, 1,   N-cadherin↓, 1,   Slug↓, 1,   Snail↓, 1,   TIMP2↑, 1,   TumCI↓, 2,   TumCMig↓, 5,   TumCP↓, 5,   TumMeta↓, 3,   TXNIP↑, 1,   uPA↓, 2,   Vim↓, 1,   Zeb1↓, 2,   α-SMA↓, 1,   β-catenin/ZEB1↓, 2,  

Angiogenesis & Vasculature ⓘ

angioG↓, 5,   EGFR↓, 1,   p‑EGFR↓, 1,   HIF-1↓, 1,   Hif1a↓, 6,   LOX1↓, 1,   VEGF↓, 3,   VEGFR2↓, 1,  

Barriers & Transport ⓘ

P-gp↓, 2,  

Immune & Inflammatory Signaling ⓘ

COX2↓, 3,   CXCR4↓, 2,   IFN-γ↓, 1,   IFN-γ↑, 1,   IL1↓, 1,   IL10↓, 1,   IL1β↓, 1,   IL2↑, 1,   IL6↓, 1,   Inflam↓, 6,   JAK2↓, 1,   MDSCs↓, 1,   NF-kB↓, 4,   PD-L1↓, 1,   PSA↓, 1,   TNF-α↓, 2,  

Synaptic & Neurotransmission ⓘ

AChE↓, 1,  

Protein Aggregation ⓘ

NLRP3↓, 1,  

Drug Metabolism & Resistance ⓘ

BioAv↓, 1,   BioAv↑, 1,   ChemoSen↑, 1,   Dose↝, 1,   eff↓, 1,   eff↑, 6,   Half-Life↝, 1,   MDR1↓, 1,  

Clinical Biomarkers ⓘ

ALAT↓, 1,   AST↓, 1,   EGFR↓, 1,   p‑EGFR↓, 1,   FOXM1↓, 1,   IL6↓, 1,   PD-L1↓, 1,   PSA↓, 1,  

Functional Outcomes ⓘ

cardioP↑, 1,   chemoP↑, 4,   chemoPv↑, 1,   cognitive↑, 1,   hepatoP↑, 3,   memory↑, 1,   neuroP↑, 3,   OS↑, 1,   radioP↑, 1,   toxicity?, 1,   TumVol↓, 2,   Weight↑, 1,  
Total Targets: 167

Pathway results for Effect on Normal Cells:


Redox & Oxidative Stress ⓘ

antiOx↓, 2,   antiOx↑, 9,   Catalase↑, 4,   GPx↑, 1,   GSH↑, 10,   GSTs↑, 1,   H2O2↓, 1,   HO-1↑, 4,   lipid-P?, 1,   lipid-P↓, 7,   MDA↓, 6,   MPO↓, 1,   NRF2↑, 4,   ROS↓, 13,   SOD↑, 9,   TAC↑, 2,   Trx↑, 1,   VitC↑, 1,  

Mitochondria & Bioenergetics ⓘ

MMP↑, 1,  

Core Metabolism/Glycolysis ⓘ

ACC↓, 1,   ALAT↓, 3,   AMPK↑, 1,   AMPK↝, 1,   FASN↓, 1,   glucose↓, 1,   LDH↓, 1,   NAD↑, 1,   PPARγ↑, 1,   SIRT1↑, 1,  

Cell Death ⓘ

Akt↑, 1,   Akt↝, 1,   Apoptosis↓, 1,   BAX↑, 1,   Bcl-2↑, 1,   Casp↓, 1,   Casp3↑, 1,   Casp9↑, 1,   Fas↓, 1,   iNOS↓, 7,   JNK↓, 1,   JNK↑, 1,   p‑JNK↓, 1,   MAPK↓, 3,   MAPK↝, 1,   necrosis↓, 2,   p38↓, 1,   p‑p38↓, 1,   Telomerase↓, 1,  

Transcription & Epigenetics ⓘ

cJun↓, 1,   other↑, 2,  

Protein Folding & ER Stress ⓘ

GRP78/BiP↓, 1,   HSP27↑, 1,   HSPs↓, 1,   XBP-1↓, 1,  

Proliferation, Differentiation & Cell State ⓘ

p‑ERK↓, 2,   IGF-1↑, 1,   mTOR↑, 1,   mTOR↝, 1,   PI3K↝, 1,   PTEN↑, 1,  

Migration ⓘ

5LO↓, 1,   TGF-β↓, 1,   α-SMA↓, 1,   α-SMA↝, 1,  

Angiogenesis & Vasculature ⓘ

EGFR↓, 1,   Hif1a↓, 3,   NO↓, 4,  

Barriers & Transport ⓘ

BBB?, 1,   BBB↑, 1,   GLUT4↑, 1,   P-gp↓, 1,  

Immune & Inflammatory Signaling ⓘ

COX2↓, 5,   IFN-γ↓, 2,   IL1↓, 1,   IL10↓, 1,   IL10↑, 1,   IL1β↓, 4,   IL2↓, 1,   IL4↓, 2,   IL6↓, 4,   IL6↑, 1,   IL8↓, 1,   Inflam↓, 14,   NF-kB↓, 10,   TLR4↓, 2,   TNF-α↓, 10,   TNF-β↓, 1,  

Synaptic & Neurotransmission ⓘ

5HT↑, 2,   AChE↓, 3,   BChE↓, 1,   BDNF↑, 6,   tau↓, 1,  

Protein Aggregation ⓘ

Aβ↓, 4,   NLRP3↓, 3,   β-Amyloid↓, 1,  

Drug Metabolism & Resistance ⓘ

BioAv↓, 3,   BioAv↑, 1,   BioAv↝, 4,   BioEnh↑, 1,   Dose↝, 1,   eff↑, 1,   Half-Life?, 1,   Half-Life↓, 1,   Half-Life↝, 1,  

Clinical Biomarkers ⓘ

ALAT↓, 3,   AST↓, 2,   EGFR↓, 1,   GutMicro↑, 1,   GutMicro↝, 1,   IL6↓, 4,   IL6↑, 1,   LDH↓, 1,  

Functional Outcomes ⓘ

cardioP↑, 2,   chemoP↑, 1,   cognitive↑, 5,   hepatoP↑, 14,   memory↑, 5,   Mood↑, 1,   neuroP↑, 12,   neuroP↝, 1,   OS↑, 2,   radioP↑, 1,   RenoP↑, 1,   Strength↑, 1,   toxicity↓, 1,   Weight↓, 1,  
Total Targets: 126

Query results interpretion may depend on "conditions" listed in the research papers.
Such Conditions may include : 
  -low or high Dose
  -format for product, such as nano of lipid formations
  -different cell line effects
  -synergies with other products 
  -if effect was for normal or cancerous cells

Filter Conditions: Pro/AntiFlg:%  IllCat:%  CanType:%  Cells:%  prod#:154  Target#:%  State#:%  Dir#:%
  wNotes=0  sortOrder:rid,rpid

 

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