condition found tbRes List
SIL, Silymarin (Milk Thistle) silibinin: Click to Expand ⟱
Features:
Silymarin (Milk Thistle) Flowering herb related to daisy and ragweed family.
Silibinin (INN), also known as silybin is the major active constituent of silymarin, a standardized extract of the milk thistle seeds.
-a flavonoid combination of 65–80% of seven flavolignans; the most important of these include silybin, isosilybin, silychristin, isosilychristin, and silydianin. Silybin is the most abundant compound in around 50–70% in isoforms silybin A and silybin B

-Note half-life 6hrs?.
BioAv not soluble in water, low bioA (1%). 240mg yielded only 0.34ug/ml plasma level. oral administration of SM (equivalent to 120 mg silibinin), total (unconjugated + conjugated) silibinin concentration in plasma was 1.1–1.3 μg/mL, so can on acheive levels used in most in-vitro studies.
Pathways:
- results for both inducing and reducing ROS in cancer cells. In normal cell seems to consistently lower ROS. Given low bioavailability seems unlikely one could acheieve levels in vivo to raise ROS(except level in GUT could be much higher (800uM).
- ROS↑ related: MMP↓(ΔΨm), Ca+2↑, Cyt‑c↑, Caspases↑, DNA damage↑, cl-PARP↑,
- Raises AntiOxidant defense in Normal Cells: ROS↓, NRF2↑, SOD↑, GSH↑, Catalase↑,
- lowers Inflammation : NF-kB↓, COX2↓, p38↓, Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines : NLRP3↓, IL-1β↓, TNF-α↓, IL-6↓, IL-8↓
- inhibit Growth/Metastases : TumMeta↓, TumCG↓, EMT↓, MMPs↓, MMP2↓, MMP9↓, TIMP2, uPA↓, VEGF↓, FAK↓, NF-κB↓, CXCR4↓, TGF-β↓, α-SMA↓, ERK↓
- reactivate genes thereby inhibiting cancer cell growth : HDAC↓, DNMTs↓, P53↑, HSP↓,
- cause Cell cycle arrest : TumCCA↑, cyclin D1↓, cyclin E↓, CDK2↓, CDK4↓,
- inhibits Migration/Invasion : TumCMig↓, TumCI↓, TNF-α↓, FAK↓, ERK↓, EMT↓,
- inhibits glycolysis and ATP depletion : HIF-1α↓, PKM2↓, cMyc↓, GLUT1↓, LDH↓, LDHA↓, HK2↓, PFKs↓, OXPHOS↓, GRP78↑, Glucose↓, GlucoseCon↓
- inhibits angiogenesis↓ : VEGF↓, HIF-1α↓, Notch↓, PDGF↓, EGFR↓,
- inhibits Cancer Stem Cells : CSC↓, Hh↓, GLi1↓, β-catenin↓, Notch2↓, OCT4↓,
- Others: PI3K↓, AKT↓, JAK↓, STAT↓, Wnt↓, β-catenin↓, AMPK, ERK↓, JNK, - SREBP (related to cholesterol).
- Synergies: chemo-sensitization, chemoProtective, RadioSensitizer, RadioProtective, Others(review target notes), Neuroprotective, Cognitive, Renoprotection, Hepatoprotective, CardioProtective,

- Selectivity: Cancer Cells vs Normal Cells


chemoP, ChemoProtective: Click to Expand ⟱
Source:
Type:
Protects normal cells against the effect of Chemo.
Scientific Papers found: Click to Expand⟱
3307- SIL,    Flavolignans from Silymarin as Nrf2 Bioactivators and Their Therapeutic Applications
- Review, Var, NA
*NRF2↑, antioxidant and protective activities, which are probably related to the activation of the nuclear factor erythroid 2 (NFE2)-related factor 2 (Nrf2), known as a master regulator of the cytoprotector response.
*antiOx↑, many studies have been conducted in order to identify its different biological activities, such as antioxidant, chemoprotective, anti-inflammatory,
*chemoP↑,
*Inflam↓,
*BioAv↑, The design of silybinnano-emulsions using oil, surfactants, and co-surfactants (sefsol-218/Tween 80/ethanol) in oral administration was more capable of improving the SM hepatoprotective effect than SM alone [138].
eff↑, ↑ Induction of UGT1A7 with propolis, artichoke and SM (7.3, 5 and 4.5-fold respectively
*NQO1↑, ↑ activity of NQO1
TNF-α↓, ↑ SOD and GPx activity ↓ gastric inflammation: TNF- α, IL-6 and myeloperoxidase activity,
IL6↓,
*GSH↑, PC12 cells (normal) ↑ intracellular levels of GSH ↓ levels of ROS and MDA
*ROS↓,
*MDA↓,
eff↑, combination of SM with vitamin E and/or curcumin can be a good option for the treatment of liver injury induced by toxic substances
*hepatoP↑,
*GPx↑, 50 mg/kg of SM inhibits the synthesis of lipid peroxides, promotes the upregulation of Nrf2, and the enhancement of the activity of GPx and SOD enzymes, increasing antioxidant and cytoprotective defense, thus preventing gastric oxidative stress.
*SOD↑,
*Catalase↑, treatment with SM at 200 mg/kg for 3 days improved oxidative stress by reducing MDA and increasing the activity of SOD, Cat, and GPx in lung tissue
*HO-1↑, These results were related to the upregulation of Nrf2, HO-1, and NQO1 in male Sprague-Dawley rats.
*neuroP↑, SM can exert neuroprotection against acrylamide-induced damage

3308- SIL,    Structural basis of Nrf2 activation by flavonolignans from silymarin
- Analysis, NA, NA
*antiOx↑, Experimental findings have suggested that the antioxidative and protective activities of these compounds could be due to their ability to activate nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)
*chemoP↑,
*NRF2↑,

3326- SIL,    Silymarin suppresses proliferation of human hepatocellular carcinoma cells under hypoxia through downregulation of the HIF-1α/VEGF pathway
- in-vitro, Liver, HepG2 - in-vitro, Liver, Hep3B
*hepatoP↑, Silymarin (SM) had been used as a traditional liver protective drug for decades
chemoP↑, SM has chemopreventive and chemosensitizing effects on multiple cancers.
ChemoSen↑,
TumCP↓, SM reduced cellular proliferation, migration, invasion, and colony formation, but induced apoptosis in HepG2 and Hep3B cells under hypoxia conditions.
TumCMig↓,
TumCI↓,
Hif1a↓, The inhibitory effect of SM on HepG2 and Hep3B cells under hypoxia is partially via downregulating HIF-1α/VEGF signaling
VEGF↓,
angioG↓,

1316- SIL,  Chemo,    Silymarin and Cancer: A Dual Strategy in Both in Chemoprevention and Chemosensitivity
- Analysis, Var, NA
TumCCA↑, limiting the progression of cancer cells through different phases of the cycle—thus forcing them to evolve towards a process of cell death
p42↓,
P450↓,
OATPs↓, silibinin has been shown to inhibit OATP1B1, OATP1B3 and OATP2B1
chemoP↑,
ChemoSen↑,

3282- SIL,    Role of Silymarin in Cancer Treatment: Facts, Hypotheses, and Questions
- Review, NA, NA
hepatoP↑, This group of flavonoids has been extensively studied and they have been used as hepato-protective substances
AntiCan↑, however, silymarin compounds have clear anticancer effects
TumCMig↓, decreasing migration through multiple targeting, decreasing hypoxia inducible factor-1α expression, i
Hif1a↓, In prostate cancer cells silibinin inhibited HIF-1α translation
selectivity↑, antitumoral activity of silymarin compounds is limited to malignant cells while the nonmalignant cells seem not to be affected
toxicity∅, long history of silymarin use in human diseases without toxicity after prolonged administration.
*antiOx↑, as an antioxidant, by scavenging prooxidant free radicals
*Inflam↓,
*NA↓, antiinflammatory effects similar to those of indomethacin,
TumCCA↑, MDA-MB 486 breast cancer cells, G1 arrest was found due to increased p21 and decreased CDKs activity
P21↑,
CDK4↓,
NF-kB↓, human prostate carcinoma cells, silymarin decreased ligand binding to Erb1 135 and NF-kB expression was strongly inhibited by silymarin in hepatoma cell
ERK↓, human prostate carcinoma cells, silymarin decreased ligand binding to Erb1 135 and NF-kB expression was strongly inhibited by silymarin in hepatoma cell
PSA↓, Treating prostate carcinoma cells with silymarin the levels of PSA were significantly decreased and cell growth was inhibited through decreased CDK activity and induction of Cip1/p21 and Kip1/p27. 1
TumCG↓,
p27↑,
COX2↓, such as anti-COX2 and anti-IL-1α activity, 140 antiangiogenic effects through inhibition of VEGF secretion, upregulation of Insulin like Growth Factor Binding Protein 3 (IGFBP3), 141 and inhibition of androgen receptors.
IL1↓,
VEGF↓,
IGFBP3↑,
AR↓,
STAT3↓, downregulation of the STAT3 pathway which was seen in many cell models.
Telomerase↓, silymarin has the ability to decrease telomerase activity in prostate cancer cells
Cyt‑c↑, mitochondrial cytochrome C release-caspase activation.
Casp↑,
eff↝, Malignant p53 negative cells show only minimal apoptosis when treated with silymarin. Therefore, one conclusion is that silymarin may be useful in tumors with conserved p53.
HDAC↓, inhibit histone deacetylase activity;
HATs↑, increase histone acetyltransferase activity
Zeb1↓, reduce expression of the transcription factor ZEB1
E-cadherin↑, increase expression of E-cadherin;
miR-203↑, increase expression of miR-203
NHE1↓, reduce activation of sodium hydrogen isoform 1 exchanger (NHE1)
MMP2↓, target β catenin and reduce the levels of MMP2 and MMP9
MMP9↓,
PGE2↓, reduce activation of prostaglandin E2
Vim↓, suppress vimentin expression
Wnt↓, inhibit Wnt signaling
angioG↓, Silymarin inhibits angiogenesis.
VEGF↓, VEGF downregulation
*TIMP1↓, Silymarin has the capacity to decrease TIMP1 expression166–168 in mice.
EMT↓, found that silibinin had no effect on EMT. However, the opposite was found in other malignant tissues160–162 where it showed inhibitory effects.
TGF-β↓, Silibinin reduces the expression of TGF β2 in different tumors such as triple negative breast, 174 prostate, and colorectal cancers.
CD44↓, Silibinin decreased CD44 expression and the activation of EGFR (epidermal growth factor receptor)
EGFR↓,
PDGF↓, silibinin had the ability to downregulate PDFG in fibroblasts, thus decreasing proliferation.
*IL8↓, Flavonoids, in general, reduce levels of IL-8. Curcumin, 200 apigenin, 201 and silybin showed the ability to decrease IL-8 levels
SREBP1↓, Silymarin inhibited STAT3 phosphorylation and decreased the expression of intranuclear sterol regulatory element binding protein 1 (SREBP1), decreasing lipid synthesis.
MMP↓, reduced membrane potential and ATP content
ATP↓,
uPA↓, silibinin decreased MMP2, MMP9, and urokinase plasminogen activator receptor level (uPAR) in neuroblastoma cells. uPAR is also a marker of cell invasion.
PD-L1↓, Silibinin inhibits PD-L1 by impeding STAT5 binding in NSCLC.
NOTCH↓, Silybin inhibited Notch signaling in hepatocellular carcinoma cells showing antitumoral effects
*SIRT1↑, Silymarin can also increase SIRT1 expression in other tissues, such as hippocampus, 221 articular chondrocytes, 222 and heart muscle
SIRT1↓, Silymarin seems to act differently in tumors: in lung cancer cells SIRT downregulated SIRT1 and exerted multiple antitumor effects such as reduced adhesion and migration and increased apoptosis.
CA↓, Silymarin has the ability to inhibit CA isoforms CA I and CA II.
Ca+2↑, ilymarin increases mitochondrial release of Ca++ and lowers mitochondrial membrane potential in cancer cell
chemoP↑, Silymarin: Decreasing Side Effects and Toxicity of Chemotherapeutic Drugs
cardioP↑, There is also evidence that it protects the heart from doxorubicin toxicity, however, it is less potent than quercetin in this effect.
Dose↝, oral administration of 240 mg of silybin to 6 healthy volunteers the following results were obtained 377 : maximum\,plasmaconcentration0.34±0.16⁢𝜇⁢g/m⁢L
Half-Life↝, and time to maximum plasma concentration 1.32 ± 0.45 h. Absorption half life 0.17 ± 0.09 h, elimination half life 6.32 ± 3.94 h
BioAv↓, silymarin is not soluble in water and oral administration shows poor absorption in the alimentary tract (approximately 1% in rats,
BioAv↓, Our conclusion is that, from a bioavailability standpoint, it is much easier to achieve migration inhibition, than proliferative reduction.
BioAv↓, Combination with succinate: is available on the market under the trade mark Legalon® (bis hemisuccinate silybin). Combination with phosphatidylcholine:
toxicity↝, 13 g daily per os divided into 3 doses was well tolerated. The most frequent adverse event was asymptomatic liver toxicity.
Half-Life↓, It may be necessary to administer 800 mg 4 times a day because the half-life is short.
ROS↓, its ability as an antioxidant reduces ROS production
FAK↓, Silibinin decreased human osteosarcoma cell invasion through Erk inhibition of a FAK/ERK/uPA/MMP2 pathway

3288- SIL,    Silymarin in cancer therapy: Mechanisms of action, protective roles in chemotherapy-induced toxicity, and nanoformulations
- Review, Var, NA
Inflam↓, Silymarin, a milk thistle extract, has anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, anti-lipid peroxidative, anti-fibrotic, anti-oxidative, and anti-proliferative properties.
lipid-P↓,
TumMeta↓, Silymarin exhibits not only anti-cancer functions through modulating various hallmarks of cancer, including cell cycle, metastasis, angiogenesis, apoptosis, and autophagy, by targeting a plethora of molecules
angioG↓,
chemoP↑, but also plays protective roles against chemotherapy-induced toxicity, such as nephrotoxicity,
EMT↓, Figure 2, Metastasis
HDAC↓,
HATs↑,
MMPs↓,
uPA↓,
PI3K↓,
Akt↓,
VEGF↓, Angiogenesis
CD31↓,
Hif1a↓,
VEGFR2↓,
Raf↓,
MEK↓,
ERK↓,
BIM↓, apoptosis
BAX↑,
Bcl-2↓,
Bcl-xL↓,
Casp↑,
MAPK↓,
P53↑,
LC3II↑, Autophagy
mTOR↓,
YAP/TEAD↓,
*BioAv↓, Additionally, the oral bioavailability of silymarin in rats is only 0.73 %
MMP↓, silymarin treatment reduced mitochondrial transmembrane potential, leading to an increase in cytosolic cytochrome c (Cyt c), downregulating proliferation-associated proteins (PCNA, c-Myc, cyclin D1, and β-catenin)
Cyt‑c↑,
PCNA↓,
cMyc↓,
cycD1↓,
β-catenin/ZEB1↓,
survivin↓, and anti-apoptotic proteins (survivin and Bcl-2), and upregulating pro-apoptotic proteins (caspase-3, Bax, APAF-1, and p53)
APAF1↑,
Casp3↑,
MDSCs↓, ↓MDSCs, ↓IL-10, ↑IL-2 and IFN-γ
IL10↓,
IL2↑,
IFN-γ↑,
hepatoP↑, Moreover, in a randomized clinical trial, silymarin attenuated hepatoxicity in non-metastatic breast cancer patients undergoing a doxorubicin/cyclophosphamide-paclitaxel regimen
cardioP↑, For example, Rašković et al. studied the hepatoprotective and cardioprotective effects of silymarin (60 mg/kg orally) in rats following DOX
GSH↑, silymarin could protect the kidney and heart from ADR toxicity by protecting against glutathione (GSH) depletion and inhibiting lipid peroxidation
neuroP↑, silymarin attenuated the neurotoxicity of docetaxel by reducing apoptosis, inflammation, and oxidative stress

3290- SIL,    A review of therapeutic potentials of milk thistle (Silybum marianum L.) and its main constituent, silymarin, on cancer, and their related patents
- Analysis, Var, NA
hepatoP↑, well as hepatoprotective agents.
chemoP↑, silymarin could be beneficial to oncology patients, especially for the treatment of the side effects of anticancer chemotherapeutics.
*lipid-P↓, Silymarin has been shown to significantly reduce lipid peroxidation and exhibit anti-oxidant, antihypertensive, antidiabetic, and hepatoprotective effects
*antiOx↑,
tumCV↓, reduces the viability, adhesion, and migration of tumor cells by induction of apoptosis and formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), reducing glutathione levels, B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2), survivin, cyclin D1, Notch 1 intracellular domain (NICD),
TumCMig↓,
Apoptosis↑,
ROS↑,
GSH↓,
Bcl-2↓,
survivin↓,
cycD1↓,
NOTCH1↓,
BAX↑, as well as enhancing the amount of Bcl-2-associated X protein (Bax) level (
NF-kB↓, The suppression of NK-κB-regulated gene products (e.g., cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), lipoxygenase (LOX), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), tumor necrosis factor (TNF), and interleukin-1 (IL-1)) mediates the anti-inflammatory effect of silymarin
COX2↓,
LOX1↓,
iNOS↓,
TNF-α↓,
IL1↓,
Inflam↓,
*toxicity↓, Silymarin is also safe for humans, hence at therapeutic doses patients demonstrated no negative effects at the high dose of 700 mg, three times a day, for 24 weeks
CXCR4↓, fig 2
EGFR↓,
ERK↓,
MMP↓, reduction in mitochondrial transmembrane potential due to an increase in cytosolic cytochrome complex (Cyt c) levels.
Cyt‑c↑,
TumCCA↑, Moreover, silymarin increased the percentage of cells in the gap 0/gap 1 (G0/G1) phase and decreased the percentage of cells in the synthesis (S)-phase,
RB1↑, concomitant up-regulation of retinoblastoma protein (Rb), p53, cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1 (p21Cip1), and cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1B (p27Kip1)
P53↑,
P21↑,
p27↑,
cycE↓, and down-regulation of cyclin D1, cyclin E, cyclin-dependent kinase 4 (CDK4), and phospho-Rb
CDK4↓,
p‑pRB↓,
Hif1a↓, silibinin inhibited proliferation of Hep3B cells due to simultaneous induction of apoptosis and prevented the accumulation
cMyc↓, Silibinin also reduces cellular myelocytomatosis oncogene (c-MYC) expression, a key regulator of cancer metabolism in pancreatic cancer cells
IL1β↓, Silymarin can also inhibit the production of inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin-1beta (IL-1β), interferon-gamma (IFNγ),
IFN-γ↓,
PCNA↓, ilymarin suppresses the high proliferative activity of cells started with a carcinogen so that it significantly inhibits proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and cyclin D1 labeling indices
PSA↓, In another patent, S. marianum has been used as an estrogen receptor β-agonist and an inhibitor of PSA for treating prostate cancer
CYP1A1↓, Silymarin prevents the expression of CYP1A1 and COX-2

3293- SIL,    Silymarin (milk thistle extract) as a therapeutic agent in gastrointestinal cancer
- Review, Var, NA
hepatoP↑, Silymarin has been shown to protect the liver in both experimental models and clinical studies.
TumMeta↓, In addition to its anti-metastatic activity, silymarin has also been reported to exhibit anti-inflammatory activity
Inflam↓,
chemoP↑, The chemoprotective effects of silymarin and silibinin (its major constituent) suggest they could be applied to reduce the side effects and increase the anti-cancer effects of chemotherapy and radiotherapy in various cancer types, especially in GC
radioP↑,
Half-Life↝, silibinin showed a 6-h half-life
*GSTs↑, Oral administration of silibinin leads to an increase in glutathione S-transferase (GST) and quinone reductase (QR) activity in the liver, stomach, lungs, small bowel, and skin, in a time- and dose-dependent manner
p‑JNK↑, Silymarin significantly up-regulated the levels of phosphorylated (p)-JNK, Bax, and p-p38, and cleaved poly-ADP ribose polymerase (PARP), while it down-regulated Bcl-2 and p-ERK1/2 expression, in a dose-dependent manner.
BAX↑,
p‑p38↑,
cl‑PARP↑,
Bcl-2↓,
p‑ERK↓,
TumVol↓, Silymarin (100 mg/kg) decreased the tumor volume in an AGS xenograft mouse model and increased apoptosis in the tumors.
eff↑, resveratrol, lycopene, sulforaphane, or silybinin have been shown to have anti-tumor activity, along with relatively low-toxicity to normal cells. Therefore they could be used in combination
TumCCA↑, Silibinin induced apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in G2/M phase in MGC803 cells
STAT3↓, Silybinin down-regulated p-STAT3 protein expression and also its downstream genes (such as Mcl-1, survivin, Bcl-xL, and STAT3).
Mcl-1↓,
survivin↓,
Bcl-xL↓,
Casp3↑, Silibinin increased caspase-3 and caspase-9 mRNA and protein expression levels.
Casp9↑,
eff↑, Therefore, the anti-cancer activity of silibinin might be enhanced by HDAC inhibitors
CXCR4↓, Silymarin significantly induced apoptosis and decreased the expression level of CXCR-4 in HepG2 cells in a concentration-dependent manner.
Dose↝, It has been shown to be tolerated by patients at a large dose (700 mg) thrice per day over six months

3294- SIL,    Silymarin: a review on paving the way towards promising pharmacological agent
- Review, Nor, NA - Review, Arthritis, NA
*hepatoP↑, It improves hepatic function, lessens hepatotoxicity caused by high acetaminophen intake, and can lessen oxidative stress in experimental mice, according to a study on animals
*Inflam↓,
*chemoP↑, moreover reducing the side effect of chemotherapeutic agents.
*glucose↓, Silymarin is effective anti-diabetic as it lowers serum glucose levels thus preventing the development of diabetic nephropathy
*antiOx↑, Various studies revealed that Silymarin could exert antioxidant properties in several mechanisms, which includes direct hindrance in free radical production,
*ROS↓,
*ACC↓, down-regulation of acetyl-CoA carboxylase, fatty acid synthase, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor
*FASN↓,
*radioP↑, More studies have revealed radioprotective properties of Silymarin in the testis tissues of mice and rats
*NF-kB↓, Silymarin inhibits NF-kB, down-regulates TGF-ß1 mRNA
*TGF-β↓,
*AST↓, Silymarin significantly decreased the elevation of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase, and alkaline phosphatase in serum, and also reversed the altered expressions of α-smooth muscle actin in fibrotic tissue
*α-SMA↝,
*eff↑, Okda et al.[Citation76] currently reported that silymarin with ginger has significantly decreased the severity and incidence of liver fibrosis.
*neuroP↑, Researchers demonstrated that silymarin inhibits microglia activation, and protects dopaminergic neurons from lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced neurotoxicity
eff↑, The Silymarin with a selenium dose of 570 mg/d, for 6 months caused no side effects and was effective in reducing prostate cancer growth
ROS↓, Silymarin shows anti-cancerous properties considered to be linked to oxidative stress inhibition, apoptosis induction, growth cycle arrest, and mitochondrial pathway inhibition

3301- SIL,    Critical review of therapeutic potential of silymarin in cancer: A bioactive polyphenolic flavonoid
- Review, Var, NA
Inflam↓, graphical abstract
TumCCA↑,
Apoptosis↓,
TumMeta↓,
TumCG↓,
angioG↓,
chemoP↑, The chemo-protective effects of silymarin and silibinin propose that they could be applied to decrease the side effects and increase the anti-tumor effects of chemotherapy and radiotherapy in different types of cancers.
radioP↑,
p‑ERK↓, fig 2
p‑p38↓,
p‑JNK↓,
P53↑,
Bcl-2↓,
Bcl-xL↓,
TGF-β↓,
MMP2↓,
MMP9↓,
E-cadherin↑,
Wnt↓,
Vim↓,
VEGF↓,
IL6↓,
STAT3↓,
*ROS↓,
IL1β↓,
PGE2↓,
CDK1↓, Causes cell cycle arrest by down-regulating CDK1, cyclinB1, survivin, Bcl-xl, Mcl-1 and activating caspase 3 and caspase 9,
CycB↓,
survivin↓,
Mcl-1↓,
Casp3↑,
Casp9↑,
cMyc↓, Silibinin treatment diminishes c-MYC
COX2↓, Silibinin considerably down-regulated the expression of COX-2, HIF-1α, VEGF, Ang-2, Ang-4, MMP-2, MMP-9, CCR-2 and CXCR-4
Hif1a↓,
CXCR4↓,
CSCs↓, HCT-116 cells, Induction of apoptosis, suppression of migration, elimination of CSCs. Attenuation of EMT via decreased expression of N- cadherin and vimentin and increased expression of (E-cadherin).
EMT↓,
N-cadherin↓,
PCNA↓, Decrease in PCNA and cyclin D1 level.
cycD1↓,
ROS↑, Hepatocellular carcinoma: Silymarin nanoemulsion reduced the cell viability and increased ROS intensity and chromatin condensation.
eff↑, Silymarin + Curcumin
eff↑, Silibinin + Metformin
eff↑, Silibinin + 1, 25-vitamin D3
HER2/EBBR2↓, Significant down regulation of HER2 by 150 and 250 µM of silybin after 24, 48 and 72 h.

3303- SIL,    Exploring the anti-cancer and antimetastatic effect of Silymarin against lung cancer
- Review, Var, NA
chemoP↑, The chemo-protective effects of silymarin and silibinin propose that they could be applied to decrease the side effects and increase the anti-tumor effects of chemotherapy and radiotherapy in different types of cancers.
radioP↑,


* indicates research on normal cells as opposed to diseased cells
Total Research Paper Matches: 11

Results for Effect on Cancer/Diseased Cells:
Akt↓,1,   angioG↓,4,   AntiCan↑,1,   APAF1↑,1,   Apoptosis↓,1,   Apoptosis↑,1,   AR↓,1,   ATP↓,1,   BAX↑,3,   Bcl-2↓,4,   Bcl-xL↓,3,   BIM↓,1,   BioAv↓,3,   CA↓,1,   Ca+2↑,1,   cardioP↑,2,   Casp↑,2,   Casp3↑,3,   Casp9↑,2,   CD31↓,1,   CD44↓,1,   CDK1↓,1,   CDK4↓,2,   chemoP↑,8,   ChemoSen↑,2,   cMyc↓,3,   COX2↓,3,   CSCs↓,1,   CXCR4↓,3,   CycB↓,1,   cycD1↓,3,   cycE↓,1,   CYP1A1↓,1,   Cyt‑c↑,3,   Dose↝,2,   E-cadherin↑,2,   eff↑,8,   eff↝,1,   EGFR↓,2,   EMT↓,3,   ERK↓,3,   p‑ERK↓,2,   FAK↓,1,   GSH↓,1,   GSH↑,1,   Half-Life↓,1,   Half-Life↝,2,   HATs↑,2,   HDAC↓,2,   hepatoP↑,4,   HER2/EBBR2↓,1,   Hif1a↓,5,   IFN-γ↓,1,   IFN-γ↑,1,   IGFBP3↑,1,   IL1↓,2,   IL10↓,1,   IL1β↓,2,   IL2↑,1,   IL6↓,2,   Inflam↓,4,   iNOS↓,1,   p‑JNK↓,1,   p‑JNK↑,1,   LC3II↑,1,   lipid-P↓,1,   LOX1↓,1,   MAPK↓,1,   Mcl-1↓,2,   MDSCs↓,1,   MEK↓,1,   miR-203↑,1,   MMP↓,3,   MMP2↓,2,   MMP9↓,2,   MMPs↓,1,   mTOR↓,1,   N-cadherin↓,1,   neuroP↑,1,   NF-kB↓,2,   NHE1↓,1,   NOTCH↓,1,   NOTCH1↓,1,   OATPs↓,1,   P21↑,2,   p27↑,2,   p‑p38↓,1,   p‑p38↑,1,   p42↓,1,   P450↓,1,   P53↑,3,   cl‑PARP↑,1,   PCNA↓,3,   PD-L1↓,1,   PDGF↓,1,   PGE2↓,2,   PI3K↓,1,   p‑pRB↓,1,   PSA↓,2,   radioP↑,3,   Raf↓,1,   RB1↑,1,   ROS↓,2,   ROS↑,2,   selectivity↑,1,   SIRT1↓,1,   SREBP1↓,1,   STAT3↓,3,   survivin↓,4,   Telomerase↓,1,   TGF-β↓,2,   TNF-α↓,2,   toxicity↝,1,   toxicity∅,1,   TumCCA↑,5,   TumCG↓,2,   TumCI↓,1,   TumCMig↓,3,   TumCP↓,1,   tumCV↓,1,   TumMeta↓,3,   TumVol↓,1,   uPA↓,2,   VEGF↓,5,   VEGFR2↓,1,   Vim↓,2,   Wnt↓,2,   YAP/TEAD↓,1,   Zeb1↓,1,   β-catenin/ZEB1↓,1,  
Total Targets: 130

Results for Effect on Normal Cells:
ACC↓,1,   antiOx↑,5,   AST↓,1,   BioAv↓,1,   BioAv↑,1,   Catalase↑,1,   chemoP↑,3,   eff↑,1,   FASN↓,1,   glucose↓,1,   GPx↑,1,   GSH↑,1,   GSTs↑,1,   hepatoP↑,3,   HO-1↑,1,   IL8↓,1,   Inflam↓,3,   lipid-P↓,1,   MDA↓,1,   NA↓,1,   neuroP↑,2,   NF-kB↓,1,   NQO1↑,1,   NRF2↑,2,   radioP↑,1,   ROS↓,3,   SIRT1↑,1,   SOD↑,1,   TGF-β↓,1,   TIMP1↓,1,   toxicity↓,1,   α-SMA↝,1,  
Total Targets: 32

Scientific Paper Hit Count for: chemoP, ChemoProtective
11 Silymarin (Milk Thistle) silibinin
1 Chemotherapy
Filter Conditions: Pro/AntiFlg:%  IllCat:%  CanType:%  Cells:%  prod#:154  Target#:1171  State#:%  Dir#:%
  wNotes=on  sortOrder:rid,rpid

 

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