condition found tbRes List
SIL, Silymarin (Milk Thistle) silibinin: Click to Expand ⟱
Features:
Silymarin (Milk Thistle) Flowering herb related to daisy and ragweed family.
Silibinin (INN), also known as silybin is the major active constituent of silymarin, a standardized extract of the milk thistle seeds.
-a flavonoid combination of 65–80% of seven flavolignans; the most important of these include silybin, isosilybin, silychristin, isosilychristin, and silydianin. Silybin is the most abundant compound in around 50–70% in isoforms silybin A and silybin B

-Note half-life 6hrs?.
BioAv not soluble in water, low bioA (1%). 240mg yielded only 0.34ug/ml plasma level. oral administration of SM (equivalent to 120 mg silibinin), total (unconjugated + conjugated) silibinin concentration in plasma was 1.1–1.3 μg/mL, so can on acheive levels used in most in-vitro studies.
Pathways:
- results for both inducing and reducing ROS in cancer cells. In normal cell seems to consistently lower ROS. Given low bioavailability seems unlikely one could acheieve levels in vivo to raise ROS(except level in GUT could be much higher (800uM).
- ROS↑ related: MMP↓(ΔΨm), Ca+2↑, Cyt‑c↑, Caspases↑, DNA damage↑, cl-PARP↑,
- Raises AntiOxidant defense in Normal Cells: ROS↓, NRF2↑, SOD↑, GSH↑, Catalase↑,
- lowers Inflammation : NF-kB↓, COX2↓, p38↓, Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines : NLRP3↓, IL-1β↓, TNF-α↓, IL-6↓, IL-8↓
- inhibit Growth/Metastases : TumMeta↓, TumCG↓, EMT↓, MMPs↓, MMP2↓, MMP9↓, TIMP2, uPA↓, VEGF↓, FAK↓, NF-κB↓, CXCR4↓, TGF-β↓, α-SMA↓, ERK↓
- reactivate genes thereby inhibiting cancer cell growth : HDAC↓, DNMTs↓, P53↑, HSP↓,
- cause Cell cycle arrest : TumCCA↑, cyclin D1↓, cyclin E↓, CDK2↓, CDK4↓,
- inhibits Migration/Invasion : TumCMig↓, TumCI↓, TNF-α↓, FAK↓, ERK↓, EMT↓,
- inhibits glycolysis and ATP depletion : HIF-1α↓, PKM2↓, cMyc↓, GLUT1↓, LDH↓, LDHA↓, HK2↓, PFKs↓, OXPHOS↓, GRP78↑, Glucose↓, GlucoseCon↓
- inhibits angiogenesis↓ : VEGF↓, HIF-1α↓, Notch↓, PDGF↓, EGFR↓,
- inhibits Cancer Stem Cells : CSC↓, Hh↓, GLi1↓, β-catenin↓, Notch2↓, OCT4↓,
- Others: PI3K↓, AKT↓, JAK↓, STAT↓, Wnt↓, β-catenin↓, AMPK, ERK↓, JNK, - SREBP (related to cholesterol).
- Synergies: chemo-sensitization, chemoProtective, RadioSensitizer, RadioProtective, Others(review target notes), Neuroprotective, Cognitive, Renoprotection, Hepatoprotective, CardioProtective,

- Selectivity: Cancer Cells vs Normal Cells


TumCMig, Tumor cell migration: Click to Expand ⟱
Source:
Type:
Tumor cell migration is a critical process in cancer progression and metastasis, which is the spread of cancer cells from the primary tumor to distant sites in the body.
Scientific Papers found: Click to Expand⟱
3306- SIL,  Rad,    Radioprotective and radiosensitizing properties of silymarin/silibinin in response to ionizing radiation
- Review, Var, NA
radioP↑, Radioprotective and radiosensitizing properties of silymarin/silibinin in response to ionizing radiation
RadioS↑, graphical abstract
TumCMig↓, mechanisms for radiosensitization of silymarin/silibinin have been reported including suppression of migration and invasion of cancer cells, inhibition of angiogenesis, induction of apoptosis and cell cycle arrest, damage to DNA
TumCI↓,
angioG↓,
Apoptosis↑,
DNAdam↓,
ROS↑, increasing the formation of free radicals, and targeting some crucial pathways.
*ROS↓, The combination of silymarin/silibinin and irradiation decreases the toxicities caused by ionizing radiation because of their antioxidant, anti-apoptotic, anti-inflammatory and other properties.
*Inflam↓,

3322- SIL,    Therapeutic intervention of silymarin on the migration of non-small cell lung cancer cells is associated with the axis of multiple molecular targets including class 1 HDACs, ZEB1 expression, and restoration of miR-203 and E-cadherin expression
- in-vitro, Lung, A549 - in-vitro, Lung, H1299 - in-vitro, Lung, H460
HDAC↓, associated with the inhibition of histone deacetylase (HDAC) activity and reduced levels of class 1 HDAC proteins (HDAC1, HDAC2, HDAC3 and HDAC8
HDAC1↓,
HDAC2↓,
HDAC3↓,
HDAC8↓,
HATs↑, and concomitant increases in the levels of histone acetyltransferase activity (HAT).
Zeb1↓, Treatment of A549 and H460 cells with silymarin reduced the expression of the transcription factor ZEB1 and restored expression of E-cadherin.
E-cadherin↑,
TumCMig↓, These findings indicate that silymarin can effectively inhibit lung cancer cell migration

3326- SIL,    Silymarin suppresses proliferation of human hepatocellular carcinoma cells under hypoxia through downregulation of the HIF-1α/VEGF pathway
- in-vitro, Liver, HepG2 - in-vitro, Liver, Hep3B
*hepatoP↑, Silymarin (SM) had been used as a traditional liver protective drug for decades
chemoP↑, SM has chemopreventive and chemosensitizing effects on multiple cancers.
ChemoSen↑,
TumCP↓, SM reduced cellular proliferation, migration, invasion, and colony formation, but induced apoptosis in HepG2 and Hep3B cells under hypoxia conditions.
TumCMig↓,
TumCI↓,
Hif1a↓, The inhibitory effect of SM on HepG2 and Hep3B cells under hypoxia is partially via downregulating HIF-1α/VEGF signaling
VEGF↓,
angioG↓,

3330- SIL,    Mechanistic Insights into the Pharmacological Significance of Silymarin
- Review, Var, NA
*neuroP↑, silymarin is employed significantly as a neuroprotective, hepatoprotective, cardioprotective, antioxidant, anti-cancer, anti-diabetic, anti-viral, anti-hypertensive, immunomodulator, anti-inflammatory, photoprotective and detoxification agent
*hepatoP↑,
*cardioP↑,
*antiOx↓,
*NLRP3↓, Zhang et al. (2018) observed that silybin significantly impedes NLR family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome activation in NAFLD by elevating NAD+ levels,
*NAD↑,
ROS↓, MDA-MB-231: it was observed that silybin treatment also abolishes activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome through repression of ROS generation, resulting in reduced tumor cell migration and invasion
NLRP3↓,
TumCMig↓,
*COX2↓, mpairing several enzymes (COX-2, iNOS, SGPT, SGOT, MMP, MPO, AChE, G6Pase, MAO-B, LDH, Telomerase, FAS and CK-MB)
*iNOS↓,
*MPO↓,
*AChE↓,
*LDH↓,
*Telomerase↓,
*Fas↓,

1127- SIL,    Silibinin suppresses epithelial–mesenchymal transition in human non-small cell lung cancer cells by restraining RHBDD1
- in-vitro, Lung, A549
TumCP↓,
TumCMig↓,
TumCI↓,
EMT↓,
RHBDD1↓,

1276- SIL,    Silibinin inhibits TPA-induced cell migration and MMP-9 expression in thyroid and breast cancer cells
- in-vitro, BC, NA - in-vitro, Thyroid, NA
TumCMig↓,
MMP9↓,
p‑MEK↓,
p‑ERK↓,

3282- SIL,    Role of Silymarin in Cancer Treatment: Facts, Hypotheses, and Questions
- Review, NA, NA
hepatoP↑, This group of flavonoids has been extensively studied and they have been used as hepato-protective substances
AntiCan↑, however, silymarin compounds have clear anticancer effects
TumCMig↓, decreasing migration through multiple targeting, decreasing hypoxia inducible factor-1α expression, i
Hif1a↓, In prostate cancer cells silibinin inhibited HIF-1α translation
selectivity↑, antitumoral activity of silymarin compounds is limited to malignant cells while the nonmalignant cells seem not to be affected
toxicity∅, long history of silymarin use in human diseases without toxicity after prolonged administration.
*antiOx↑, as an antioxidant, by scavenging prooxidant free radicals
*Inflam↓,
*NA↓, antiinflammatory effects similar to those of indomethacin,
TumCCA↑, MDA-MB 486 breast cancer cells, G1 arrest was found due to increased p21 and decreased CDKs activity
P21↑,
CDK4↓,
NF-kB↓, human prostate carcinoma cells, silymarin decreased ligand binding to Erb1 135 and NF-kB expression was strongly inhibited by silymarin in hepatoma cell
ERK↓, human prostate carcinoma cells, silymarin decreased ligand binding to Erb1 135 and NF-kB expression was strongly inhibited by silymarin in hepatoma cell
PSA↓, Treating prostate carcinoma cells with silymarin the levels of PSA were significantly decreased and cell growth was inhibited through decreased CDK activity and induction of Cip1/p21 and Kip1/p27. 1
TumCG↓,
p27↑,
COX2↓, such as anti-COX2 and anti-IL-1α activity, 140 antiangiogenic effects through inhibition of VEGF secretion, upregulation of Insulin like Growth Factor Binding Protein 3 (IGFBP3), 141 and inhibition of androgen receptors.
IL1↓,
VEGF↓,
IGFBP3↑,
AR↓,
STAT3↓, downregulation of the STAT3 pathway which was seen in many cell models.
Telomerase↓, silymarin has the ability to decrease telomerase activity in prostate cancer cells
Cyt‑c↑, mitochondrial cytochrome C release-caspase activation.
Casp↑,
eff↝, Malignant p53 negative cells show only minimal apoptosis when treated with silymarin. Therefore, one conclusion is that silymarin may be useful in tumors with conserved p53.
HDAC↓, inhibit histone deacetylase activity;
HATs↑, increase histone acetyltransferase activity
Zeb1↓, reduce expression of the transcription factor ZEB1
E-cadherin↑, increase expression of E-cadherin;
miR-203↑, increase expression of miR-203
NHE1↓, reduce activation of sodium hydrogen isoform 1 exchanger (NHE1)
MMP2↓, target β catenin and reduce the levels of MMP2 and MMP9
MMP9↓,
PGE2↓, reduce activation of prostaglandin E2
Vim↓, suppress vimentin expression
Wnt↓, inhibit Wnt signaling
angioG↓, Silymarin inhibits angiogenesis.
VEGF↓, VEGF downregulation
*TIMP1↓, Silymarin has the capacity to decrease TIMP1 expression166–168 in mice.
EMT↓, found that silibinin had no effect on EMT. However, the opposite was found in other malignant tissues160–162 where it showed inhibitory effects.
TGF-β↓, Silibinin reduces the expression of TGF β2 in different tumors such as triple negative breast, 174 prostate, and colorectal cancers.
CD44↓, Silibinin decreased CD44 expression and the activation of EGFR (epidermal growth factor receptor)
EGFR↓,
PDGF↓, silibinin had the ability to downregulate PDFG in fibroblasts, thus decreasing proliferation.
*IL8↓, Flavonoids, in general, reduce levels of IL-8. Curcumin, 200 apigenin, 201 and silybin showed the ability to decrease IL-8 levels
SREBP1↓, Silymarin inhibited STAT3 phosphorylation and decreased the expression of intranuclear sterol regulatory element binding protein 1 (SREBP1), decreasing lipid synthesis.
MMP↓, reduced membrane potential and ATP content
ATP↓,
uPA↓, silibinin decreased MMP2, MMP9, and urokinase plasminogen activator receptor level (uPAR) in neuroblastoma cells. uPAR is also a marker of cell invasion.
PD-L1↓, Silibinin inhibits PD-L1 by impeding STAT5 binding in NSCLC.
NOTCH↓, Silybin inhibited Notch signaling in hepatocellular carcinoma cells showing antitumoral effects
*SIRT1↑, Silymarin can also increase SIRT1 expression in other tissues, such as hippocampus, 221 articular chondrocytes, 222 and heart muscle
SIRT1↓, Silymarin seems to act differently in tumors: in lung cancer cells SIRT downregulated SIRT1 and exerted multiple antitumor effects such as reduced adhesion and migration and increased apoptosis.
CA↓, Silymarin has the ability to inhibit CA isoforms CA I and CA II.
Ca+2↑, ilymarin increases mitochondrial release of Ca++ and lowers mitochondrial membrane potential in cancer cell
chemoP↑, Silymarin: Decreasing Side Effects and Toxicity of Chemotherapeutic Drugs
cardioP↑, There is also evidence that it protects the heart from doxorubicin toxicity, however, it is less potent than quercetin in this effect.
Dose↝, oral administration of 240 mg of silybin to 6 healthy volunteers the following results were obtained 377 : maximum\,plasmaconcentration0.34±0.16⁢𝜇⁢g/m⁢L
Half-Life↝, and time to maximum plasma concentration 1.32 ± 0.45 h. Absorption half life 0.17 ± 0.09 h, elimination half life 6.32 ± 3.94 h
BioAv↓, silymarin is not soluble in water and oral administration shows poor absorption in the alimentary tract (approximately 1% in rats,
BioAv↓, Our conclusion is that, from a bioavailability standpoint, it is much easier to achieve migration inhibition, than proliferative reduction.
BioAv↓, Combination with succinate: is available on the market under the trade mark Legalon® (bis hemisuccinate silybin). Combination with phosphatidylcholine:
toxicity↝, 13 g daily per os divided into 3 doses was well tolerated. The most frequent adverse event was asymptomatic liver toxicity.
Half-Life↓, It may be necessary to administer 800 mg 4 times a day because the half-life is short.
ROS↓, its ability as an antioxidant reduces ROS production
FAK↓, Silibinin decreased human osteosarcoma cell invasion through Erk inhibition of a FAK/ERK/uPA/MMP2 pathway

3290- SIL,    A review of therapeutic potentials of milk thistle (Silybum marianum L.) and its main constituent, silymarin, on cancer, and their related patents
- Analysis, Var, NA
hepatoP↑, well as hepatoprotective agents.
chemoP↑, silymarin could be beneficial to oncology patients, especially for the treatment of the side effects of anticancer chemotherapeutics.
*lipid-P↓, Silymarin has been shown to significantly reduce lipid peroxidation and exhibit anti-oxidant, antihypertensive, antidiabetic, and hepatoprotective effects
*antiOx↑,
tumCV↓, reduces the viability, adhesion, and migration of tumor cells by induction of apoptosis and formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), reducing glutathione levels, B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2), survivin, cyclin D1, Notch 1 intracellular domain (NICD),
TumCMig↓,
Apoptosis↑,
ROS↑,
GSH↓,
Bcl-2↓,
survivin↓,
cycD1↓,
NOTCH1↓,
BAX↑, as well as enhancing the amount of Bcl-2-associated X protein (Bax) level (
NF-kB↓, The suppression of NK-κB-regulated gene products (e.g., cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), lipoxygenase (LOX), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), tumor necrosis factor (TNF), and interleukin-1 (IL-1)) mediates the anti-inflammatory effect of silymarin
COX2↓,
LOX1↓,
iNOS↓,
TNF-α↓,
IL1↓,
Inflam↓,
*toxicity↓, Silymarin is also safe for humans, hence at therapeutic doses patients demonstrated no negative effects at the high dose of 700 mg, three times a day, for 24 weeks
CXCR4↓, fig 2
EGFR↓,
ERK↓,
MMP↓, reduction in mitochondrial transmembrane potential due to an increase in cytosolic cytochrome complex (Cyt c) levels.
Cyt‑c↑,
TumCCA↑, Moreover, silymarin increased the percentage of cells in the gap 0/gap 1 (G0/G1) phase and decreased the percentage of cells in the synthesis (S)-phase,
RB1↑, concomitant up-regulation of retinoblastoma protein (Rb), p53, cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1 (p21Cip1), and cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1B (p27Kip1)
P53↑,
P21↑,
p27↑,
cycE↓, and down-regulation of cyclin D1, cyclin E, cyclin-dependent kinase 4 (CDK4), and phospho-Rb
CDK4↓,
p‑pRB↓,
Hif1a↓, silibinin inhibited proliferation of Hep3B cells due to simultaneous induction of apoptosis and prevented the accumulation
cMyc↓, Silibinin also reduces cellular myelocytomatosis oncogene (c-MYC) expression, a key regulator of cancer metabolism in pancreatic cancer cells
IL1β↓, Silymarin can also inhibit the production of inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin-1beta (IL-1β), interferon-gamma (IFNγ),
IFN-γ↓,
PCNA↓, ilymarin suppresses the high proliferative activity of cells started with a carcinogen so that it significantly inhibits proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and cyclin D1 labeling indices
PSA↓, In another patent, S. marianum has been used as an estrogen receptor β-agonist and an inhibitor of PSA for treating prostate cancer
CYP1A1↓, Silymarin prevents the expression of CYP1A1 and COX-2

3296- SIL,    Silibinin induces oral cancer cell apoptosis and reactive oxygen species generation by activating the JNK/c-Jun pathway
- in-vitro, Oral, Ca9-22 - in-vivo, Oral, YD10B
TumCP↓, Silibinin effectively suppressed YD10B and Ca9-22 cell proliferation and colony formation in a dose-dependent manner.
TumCCA↑, Moreover, it induced cell cycle arrest in the G0/G1 phase, apoptosis, and ROS generation in these cells.
ROS↑,
SOD1↓, silibinin downregulated SOD1 and SOD2 and triggered the JNK/c-Jun pathway in oral cancer cells.
SOD2↓,
*JNK↑, inducing apoptosis, G0/G1 arrest, ROS generation, and activation of the JNK/c-Jun pathway.
toxicity?, Silibinin significantly inhibited xenograft tumor growth in nude mice, with no obvious toxicity.
TumCMig↓, Silibinin inhibits oral cancer cell migration and invasion
TumCI↓,
N-cadherin↓, silibinin downregulated N-cadherin and vimentin expression and upregulated E-cadherin expression in YD10B and Ca9-22 cells
Vim↓,
E-cadherin↑,
EMT↓, Together, these results indicate that silibinin inhibits the migration and invasion of oral cancer cells by suppressing the EMT.
P53↑, silibinin significantly induced the expression of p53, cleaved caspase-3, cleaved PARP, and Bax, and downregulated the expression of the anti-apoptotic marker protein Bcl-2
cl‑Casp3↑,
cl‑PARP↑,
BAX↑,
Bcl-2↓,
SOD↓, silibinin inhibits SOD expression, induces ROS production, and activates the JNK/c-Jun pathway in oral cancer cells.


* indicates research on normal cells as opposed to diseased cells
Total Research Paper Matches: 9

Results for Effect on Cancer/Diseased Cells:
angioG↓,3,   AntiCan↑,1,   Apoptosis↑,2,   AR↓,1,   ATP↓,1,   BAX↑,2,   Bcl-2↓,2,   BioAv↓,3,   CA↓,1,   Ca+2↑,1,   cardioP↑,1,   Casp↑,1,   cl‑Casp3↑,1,   CD44↓,1,   CDK4↓,2,   chemoP↑,3,   ChemoSen↑,1,   cMyc↓,1,   COX2↓,2,   CXCR4↓,1,   cycD1↓,1,   cycE↓,1,   CYP1A1↓,1,   Cyt‑c↑,2,   DNAdam↓,1,   Dose↝,1,   E-cadherin↑,3,   eff↝,1,   EGFR↓,2,   EMT↓,3,   ERK↓,2,   p‑ERK↓,1,   FAK↓,1,   GSH↓,1,   Half-Life↓,1,   Half-Life↝,1,   HATs↑,2,   HDAC↓,2,   HDAC1↓,1,   HDAC2↓,1,   HDAC3↓,1,   HDAC8↓,1,   hepatoP↑,2,   Hif1a↓,3,   IFN-γ↓,1,   IGFBP3↑,1,   IL1↓,2,   IL1β↓,1,   Inflam↓,1,   iNOS↓,1,   LOX1↓,1,   p‑MEK↓,1,   miR-203↑,1,   MMP↓,2,   MMP2↓,1,   MMP9↓,2,   N-cadherin↓,1,   NF-kB↓,2,   NHE1↓,1,   NLRP3↓,1,   NOTCH↓,1,   NOTCH1↓,1,   P21↑,2,   p27↑,2,   P53↑,2,   cl‑PARP↑,1,   PCNA↓,1,   PD-L1↓,1,   PDGF↓,1,   PGE2↓,1,   p‑pRB↓,1,   PSA↓,2,   radioP↑,1,   RadioS↑,1,   RB1↑,1,   RHBDD1↓,1,   ROS↓,2,   ROS↑,3,   selectivity↑,1,   SIRT1↓,1,   SOD↓,1,   SOD1↓,1,   SOD2↓,1,   SREBP1↓,1,   STAT3↓,1,   survivin↓,1,   Telomerase↓,1,   TGF-β↓,1,   TNF-α↓,1,   toxicity?,1,   toxicity↝,1,   toxicity∅,1,   TumCCA↑,3,   TumCG↓,1,   TumCI↓,4,   TumCMig↓,9,   TumCP↓,3,   tumCV↓,1,   uPA↓,1,   VEGF↓,3,   Vim↓,2,   Wnt↓,1,   Zeb1↓,2,  
Total Targets: 103

Results for Effect on Normal Cells:
AChE↓,1,   antiOx↓,1,   antiOx↑,2,   cardioP↑,1,   COX2↓,1,   Fas↓,1,   hepatoP↑,2,   IL8↓,1,   Inflam↓,2,   iNOS↓,1,   JNK↑,1,   LDH↓,1,   lipid-P↓,1,   MPO↓,1,   NA↓,1,   NAD↑,1,   neuroP↑,1,   NLRP3↓,1,   ROS↓,1,   SIRT1↑,1,   Telomerase↓,1,   TIMP1↓,1,   toxicity↓,1,  
Total Targets: 23

Scientific Paper Hit Count for: TumCMig, Tumor cell migration
9 Silymarin (Milk Thistle) silibinin
1 Radiotherapy/Radiation
Filter Conditions: Pro/AntiFlg:%  IllCat:%  CanType:%  Cells:%  prod#:154  Target#:326  State#:%  Dir#:%
  wNotes=on  sortOrder:rid,rpid

 

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