condition found
Features: Compound |
Brazilian Green Propolis often considered best • Derived from Baccharis dracunulifolia, this type is rich in artepillin C. • It has been widely researched for its anticancer, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties. -Propolis common researched flavonoids :chrysin, pinocembrin, galangin, pinobanksin(Pinocembrin) -most representative phenolic acids were caffeic acid, p-coumaric acid, and ferulic acid, as well as their derivatives, DMCA and caffeic acid prenyl, benzyl, phenylethyl (CAPE), and cinnamyl esters -One of the most studied active compounds of a poplar-type propolis is caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) -caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE), galangin, chrysin, nemorosone, propolin G, artepillin C, cardanol, pinocembrin, pinobanksin, chicoric acid, and phenolic acids (caffeic acid, ferulic acid, and coumaric acid), as well as luteolin, apigenin, myricetin, naringenin, kaempferol, quercetin, polysaccharides, tannins, terpenes, sterols, and aldehydes -content highly variable based on location and extraction Two main factors of interest: 1. affects interstitual fluild pH 2. high concentration raises ROS (Reactive Oxygen Species), while low concentration may reduce ROS - Artepillin-C (major phenolic compounds found in Brazilian green propolis (BGP)) - caffeic acid major source Do not combine with 2DG Pathways: -Propolis compounds (e.g., artepillin C, caffeic acid phenethyl ester [CAPE]) can trigger apoptosis (programmed cell death) in cancer cells. -Propolis has been shown to inhibit NF‑κB activation. -Propolis extracts can cause cell cycle arrest at specific checkpoints (e.g., G0/G1 or G2/M phases). -Enhance the body’s antitumor immune responses, for example by activating natural killer (NK) cells and modulating cytokine profiles. -Note half-life no standard, high variablity of content. BioAv poor water solubility, and low oral bioavailability. Pathways: - high concentration may induce ROS production, while low concentrations mya low it. This may apply to both normal and cancer cells. Normal Cells Example. (Also not sure if high level are acheivable in vivo due to bioavailability) - ROS↑ related: MMP↓(ΔΨm), ER Stress↑, UPR↑, GRP78↑, Ca+2↑, Cyt‑c↑, Caspases↑, DNA damage↑, cl-PARP↑, HSP↓, Prx, SOD↓, GSH↓ Catalase↓ HO1↓ GPx↓ --> - Raises AntiOxidant defense in Normal Cells: ROS↓, NRF2↑, SOD↑, GSH↑, Catalase↑, - lowers Inflammation : NF-kB↓, COX2↓, Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines : NLRP3↓, TNF-α↓, IL-6↓, IL-8↓ - inhibit Growth/Metastases : TumMeta↓, TumCG↓, EMT↓, MMPs↓, MMP2↓, MMP9↓, IGF-1↓, uPA↓, VEGF↓, ROCK1↓, FAK↓, RhoA↓, NF-κB↓, TGF-β↓, α-SMA↓, ERK↓ - reactivate genes thereby inhibiting cancer cell growth : HDAC↓, P53↑, - cause Cell cycle arrest : TumCCA↑, cyclin D1↓, cyclin E↓, CDK2↓, CDK4↓, CDK6↓, - inhibits Migration/Invasion : TumCMig↓, TumCI↓, TNF-α↓, FAK↓, ERK↓, EMT↓, TOP1↓, TET1, - inhibits glycolysis /Warburg Effect and ATP depletion : HIF-1α↓, PKM2↓, cMyc↓, GLUT1↓, LDH↓, LDHA↓, HK2↓, PFKs↓, PDKs↓, GRP78↑, GlucoseCon↓ - inhibits angiogenesis↓ : VEGF↓, HIF-1α↓, - Others: PI3K↓, AKT↓, STAT↓, β-catenin↓, AMPK, ERK↓, JNK, - Synergies: chemo-sensitization, chemoProtective, RadioSensitizer, RadioProtective, Others(review target notes), Neuroprotective, Cognitive, Renoprotection, Hepatoprotective, CardioProtective, - Selectivity: Cancer Cells vs Normal Cells |
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Glycolysis is a metabolic pathway that converts glucose into pyruvate, producing a small amount of ATP (energy) in the process. It is a fundamental process for cellular energy production and occurs in the cytoplasm of cells. In normal cells, glycolysis is tightly regulated and is followed by aerobic respiration in the presence of oxygen, which allows for the efficient production of ATP. In cancer cells, however, glycolysis is often upregulated, even in the presence of oxygen. This phenomenon is known as the Warburg Mutations in oncogenes (like MYC) and tumor suppressor genes (like TP53) can alter metabolic pathways, promoting glycolysis and other anabolic processes that support cell growth.effect. Acidosis: The increased production of lactate from glycolysis can lead to an acidic microenvironment, which may promote tumor invasion and suppress immune responses. Glycolysis is a hallmark of malignancy transformation in solid tumor, and LDH is the key enzyme involved in glycolysis. Pathways: -GLUTs, HK2, PFK, PK, PKM2, LDH, LDHA, PI3K/AKT/mTOR, AMPK, HIF-1a, c-MYC, p53, SIRT6, HSP90α, GAPDH, HBT, PPP, Lactate Metabolism, ALDO Natural products targeting glycolytic signaling pathways https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9631946/ Alkaloids: -Berberine, Worenine, Sinomenine, NK007, Tetrandrine, N-methylhermeanthidine chloride, Dauricine, Oxymatrine, Matrine, Cryptolepine Flavonoids: -Oroxyline A, Apigenin, Kaempferol, Quercetin, Wogonin, Baicalein, Chrysin, Genistein, Cardamonin, Phloretin, Morusin, Bavachinin, 4-O-methylalpinumisofavone, Glabridin, Icaritin, LicA, Naringin, IVT, Proanthocyanidin B2, Scutellarin, Hesperidin, Silibinin, Catechin, EGCG, EGC, Xanthohumol. Non-flavonoid phenolic compounds: Curcumin, Resveratrol, Gossypol, Tannic acid. Terpenoids: -Cantharidin, Dihydroartemisinin, Oleanolic acid, Jolkinolide B, Cynaropicrin, Ursolic Acid, Triptolie, Oridonin, Micheliolide, Betulinic Acid, Beta-escin, Limonin, Bruceine D, Prosapogenin A (PSA), Oleuropein, Dioscin. Quinones: -Thymoquinone, Lapachoi, Tan IIA, Emodine, Rhein, Shikonin, Hypericin Others: -Perillyl alcohol, HCA, Melatonin, Sulforaphane, Vitamin D3, Mycoepoxydiene, Methyl jasmonate, CK, Phsyciosporin, Gliotoxin, Graviola, Ginsenoside, Beta-Carotene. |
2781- | CHr,  | PBG,  |   | Chrysin a promising anticancer agent: recent perspectives |
- | Review, | Var, | NA |
2380- | PBG,  |   | Potential Strategies for Overcoming Drug Resistance Pathways Using Propolis and Its Polyphenolic/Flavonoid Compounds in Combination with Chemotherapy and Radiotherapy |
- | Review, | Var, | NA |
2381- | PBG,  |   | Chinese Poplar Propolis Inhibits MDA-MB-231 Cell Proliferation in an Inflammatory Microenvironment by Targeting Enzymes of the Glycolytic Pathway |
- | in-vitro, | BC, | MDA-MB-231 |
- | in-vitro, | HCC, | HepG2 |
3252- | PBG,  |   | Propolis Extract and Its Bioactive Compounds—From Traditional to Modern Extraction Technologies |
- | Review, | NA, | NA |
1661- | PBG,  |   | Propolis: a natural compound with potential as an adjuvant in cancer therapy - a review of signaling pathways |
- | Review, | Var, | NA |
1672- | PBG,  |   | The Potential Use of Propolis as an Adjunctive Therapy in Breast Cancers |
- | Review, | BC, | NA |
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